Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Analyzing the Formation of Habits Using Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches
The habit to be analyzed is cigarette smoking. Around the age of 13 is when I probably had my first cigarette. The habit developed from a learned behavior from the adults around me and peer pressure. I can remember many of the adult figures around me, more so the adult males, smoked cigarettes, and cigars. At the time when I was a girl there was not an age limit on buying cigarettes. My father, who ran his body and fender shop out the garage in the back yard would send me and my siblings to the corner drugstore to buy his KOOL cigarettes. The seventh grade is when the peer pressure began.I remember sneaking the KOOL cigarettes out of my father’s pack and smoking on the way to school with friends. Smoking did not become a habit then. I had older sisters and always wanted to follow them. So once I was in high school they let me hang out with them. I smoked to pretend I was as grown as they were. It still had not become a habit. After high school about the age of 19 is when it be came a habit. I moved away from home and wanted to do the things that grown-ups do. Because smoking has formed into a habit my body craved the nicotine and this is what fed the habit and caused it to continue.The habit continued until my 29th year when I became pregnant with my daughter. The smoking probably would have continued through pregnancy, but it made me sick. The smoking resumed after birth for the next 15 years. During the period after birth I tried to stop smoking once or twice unsuccessfully, convincing myself that I enjoyed smoking and was not ready to quit. It was the nicotine addiction talking to me. Most of my friends smoke and it was something we did together When comparing this habit to the behavioral personality theory, it makes complete sense.The behavioral personality theory only deals with externally observable things. This habit came about from watching and observing others. Trying to do as others to fit in or be someone different than who I was at the time, n ot knowing how addicting this habit could be. As a person gets older the body does not allow one to continue the habits that started in their younger years without consequences. The effects of aging start taking over. Because of operant conditioning this habit had to be change. The effect of smoking in people with diabetes cause a high cardiovascular risk, Diabeticnephropathy which causes kidney disease, high blood pressure, and genetic predisposition. Every visit to the doctor reminded me of the consequences of smoking. Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through these rewards and punishments, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior (Kendra Cherry, 2013). This conditioning caused me to quit this habit. First I had to make the conscience decision that this was going to be the end of smoking.The plan was to quit smoking cold tur key; I did not want to substitute one drug to give up another. I no longer allowed myself to buy cigarettes. If I had the urge to smoke a cigarette, I would get one from someone else, preferably non-menthol or not my brand so it would not be satisfying. All money that was to be spent on cigarettes went into a savings account. After six months I had a savings of $360. 00. This is where the operant conditions plays a part, that was a great reward. This was a hard habit to change but not as hard as I thought it would be.Like any habit or addiction I believe the person has to want to make the change. People who â€Å"relapse†make the conscience decision to continue the habit. Social cognitive theory (SCT) refers to a psychological model of behavior that started primarily from the work of Albert Bandura (1977; 1986). It was first developed with an emphasis on the cognitive process or acquiring knowledge of social behaviors, social cognitive theory continues to single out that lea rning happens in a social setting and that much of what is learned is acquired through watching others (The Gale Group, 2013).Cognitive-behavioral theory (CBT) refers to the basic principle that a person’s perceptions play a substantial and important role in the development and maintenance of emotional and behav ¬ioral responses to life situations. In CBT models, cognitive processes, in the form of meanings, judgments, appraisals, and assumptions associated with specific life events, are the primary determinants of one’s feelings and actions in response to life events and thus either enable or hold back the process of adaptation (A. Antonio Gonzalez-Prendes and Stella M. Resko, 2013)After understanding both the social and behavioral cognitive theories, I believe the cognitive-behavioral theory has the most influence in the makeup of my personality. The cognitive behavioral theory comes into play when I am trying to reach self-actualization motives as described in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. I tend to react on feelings in most situations, which will either enable or hold back the process of adaptation. In conclusion, I am finding that studying the different theories of behavior is giving me a better understanding of the way people act and think. This hase been a very informative class.
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The House of the Seven Gables Essay
Human actions and human knowledge are two inseparable entities. However, people are confused whether knowledge leads to actions or it is the actions that dictate one’s learning. Moreover, some people said that the two have no difference at all; one is tantamount to the other one. This debatable issue is one of the salient themes in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The House of the Seven Gables. Synopsis of the Story  Set during the middle of the 19th century in New England, The House of Seven Gables is a novel narrating the affairs of two families: the Pyncheons and the Maules. On the first part of the book, the tension between Colonel Pyncheon and Matthew Maule was presented. The colonel actually wanted the land owned by Matthew Maule and so he planted a plan which pointed the latter as a practitioner of witchcraft. From this accusation, Maule was sentenced to death through hanging. Before he finally dies, he whispered a curse for the colonel. Pyncheon, on the other hand, was very happy upon receiving the land and started to build his house of seven gables. Unfortunately, in the exact day of the house’s opening, Colonel Pyncheon died from an unknown reason. Townspeople guessed that it was the curse of Matthew Maule that leads for the colonel’s death, From then on, the house of the seven gables turned to be a gloomy and mysterious place.            The next setting of the story opened after century and a half with the present residents of the house, the old lady Hepzibah and a certain Mr. Holgrave who was renting the room upstairs. The author will then introduced new members of the family: Phoebe Pyncheon , a young, free- spirited, and helpful niece of Hepzibah, Clifford Pyncheon, brother of Hepzibah who was accused for murdering his uncle and spent 30 years in imprisonment, Judge Jaffrey Pyncheon, the evil cousin of Hepzibah and the one who set- up Clifford’s imprisonment. The judge wanted the rights for all the wealth of the Pyncheon family and so he visited Clifford, who according to him knows the location of all the necessary documents he needs. While waiting for him though, Judge Jaffrey died from an unknown reason. Frightened, Hepzibah and Clifford left the house. When they returned, Phoebe and Mr. Holgrave were already setting their marriage. Judge Jaffrey’s wicked actions were finally revealed by the investigation. Finally, Mr. Holgrave revealed that he is a descendant of Matthew Maule and that he also possesses hypnotic powers. They went off to a farm where they decided to live at. Hepzibah and Clifford, on the other hand, continued living in the house of the seven gables. Similarities and Differences of Sidney and Shelley            Philip Sidney is an English poet who lived in the Elizabethan age. He wrote the An Apology for Poetry which presents his ideas regarding the relationship between poetry and areas of knowledge like history, ethics, and philosophy. One of the main tenets of the book says that poetry will gain more effectiveness if ethics will be observed in philosophy and liveliness will be incorporated to history.            Percy Bysshe Shelley, on the other hand, lived in the period of Romanticism in England. He was considered by many as one of the great thinkers in the field of arts and philosophy. He is the husband of Mary Shelley, author of the novel Frankenstein. He also wrote an essay entitled A Defence of Poetry. Here, he discussed what are his ideals for poetry and his radical opinions regarding the subject. Being a romanticist, Shelley believes that poets’ creations are not merely outcomes of their own individual imagination but also effects of his interaction and exposure to universal ideas.            Both poets believe in the idea of romanticism. Romanticism supports the notion of deeply expressing one’s emotions and ideas through the use of arts, literature, music, and aesthetics. It is a form of revolution towards the aristocratic class in Europe during the 18th century.  Although Sidney did not live in this particular period, he showed already early signs of giving unusual and radical thinking towards literature, specifically to poetry. He actually concentrated in formulating works about literary reforms, giving emphasis in the relationship between art and virtue. For Sidney, virtue is a guideline for poets to create works that can challenge people to move and to act righteously. Through this, a righteous action could be inspired by poetry which will be eventually transformed to experience.            In addition, Sidney and Shelley, and even William Wordsworth, believe in the idea that an artist and his society are two separated entities. When an artist creates an idea, he is actually manifesting a skillâ€â€a skill which Sidney equates to art. For him, this skill is something that one can learn and develop. In addition to this, Sidney strongly believes that we can find the objective world through nature. Once a poet has produced a creation, another nature is automatically cultivated. Sidney followed the idea that human action is as the same as knowledge. For him, all people, no matter what their inclinations areâ€â€arts, philosophy, science, and so forth, will eventually lead their way to the utmost form of knowledgeâ€â€the knowledge of one’s self, giving importance to ethics and politics, and knowing not only the virtuous but most importantly, doing the righteous actions. This for him is the explanation behind his idea that knowledge is just equal with human actions.            Shelley, however, believes that human actions and knowledge should not be regarded as the same or one. Rather, an individual has a separate identity from knowledge, specifically from the collective mind. He talked about how a poet creates his own ideas. For him, a poet uses both his own individual knowledge and collective knowledge or archetypes. These archetypes are ideas that already serve as templates for the people. When a poet produced a creative idea, he does not simply rely on his very own knowledge. He actually uses some archetypes, thus, relating what he has to what it is there in reality. And with this, Shelley disregards the idea that human knowledge is the same as human actions. It is actually human knowledge that leads people to their actions. Analysis of the Characters            Applying the ideas of Sidney and Shelley in the story, the characters in Hawthorne’s story could be analyzed.  The daguerreotypist Mr. Holgrave was actually an artist himself who creates photographs using silver- coated plate and mercury vapor. A twenty-year old descendant of the late Matthew Maule, Mr. Holgrave was portrayed in the story as someone who maintains to live through different jobs. He skips from one occupation to the other. He also believes in surrendering wealth, custom, and even the past. A political radical, intellectually inclined, and with contemptuous view towards emotion, Mr. Holgrave often seeks the comfort in his room at the house of seven gables. He seemed to be detached with his society; even Hepzibah, the owner of the house he rents, barely knows him. He produced photographs, his very own creations, and through that, he is actually creating new environment for himself. His skills as a daguerreotypist were not considered merely as a skill, but an artâ€â€an art that through certain processes he was able to learn and develop. Everytime he takes pictures, Mr. Holgrave is sharpening even more his art and nurturing more his objective, his nature. Moreover, being a jack- of- all- trades, Mr. Holgrave has been continuously going under processes of learning and developing various skills.            Other characters in the novel can be seen through this perspective of Sidney and Shelley. Judge Jaffrey, for example, as a man of intellect and wit, has the initial skills of implementing justice to the people. This is his own art. However, he chose not to develop this skill because of his extreme hunger for power and wealth, thus making him decided to frame-up his own cousin Clifford. In the novel, he embodied the greedy aspect of his ancestor Colonel Pyncheon. Moreover, as Sidney had imposed, his actions were equal to his knowledge. Being a judge requires one to be wise and clever. His knowledge about this was clearly seen through his actions as he became shrewd enough to plant his evil plans. If he would be subjected to Sidney’s ideas regarding the highest form of knowledge, he would definitely fail considering that he did not use his skills in striving to do the right action.            Even Hepzibah, the current owner of the house of the seven gables, can be subjected using the philosophies of Sidney and Shelley. However, as it was proven in the text, Hepzibah can be concluded as an example of a person who could be characterized as the one that Shelley had described. Hepzibah uses first her own knowledge before doing a certain action. When she was running the cent- shop, she was solely thinking about her brother Clifford. Thus, it was reflected through her actions as she loses her focus everytime a customer goes to her. She shows ill-temperedness while scowling most of them.            Phoebe, in comparison with Hepzibah, also concluded her actions through her own knowledge. In the novel, she was portrayed as a young, free- spirited, helpful, and obedient woman. However, if analyzed, Phoebe’s actions are just products of her shallow way of thinking. She seemed to be not so curious and more of an emotional lady, in contrast with her lover Mr. Holgrave. Because of her personality, Mr. Holgrave was actually tempted to use his hypnotic powers to her. This clearly shows that Phoebe’s way of thinking greatly affects her actions is highly prone to be influenced or manipulated by other people whose knowledge is far better than hers.            Although Sidney and Shelley had their differences, the characters in The House of the Seven Gables could be also analyzed through the use of their similar ideas. As said earlier, Sidney and Shelley both believe that an individual and his society are two separated entities. In the novel, this philosophy was evidently portrayed by Hawthorne as each character found his respective place into the society where he belongs. Analysis of the Text            After the analysis of some of the main characters, perspectives of Sidney and Shelley will also be tried to incorporate in the text, particularly in analyzing the plot and the themes presented in the novel.            The plot evidently portrayed both predictable and unpredictable twists. The succession of events was creatively done through the use of suspense, good narration, and logical and organic unity. The idea of mystifying the house through the use of magic and curses was very effective. Hawthorne succeeded in creating his own art, in creating his own nature as Sidney and Shelley had pointed in their discussion about poetry and an artist’s skills.            With regards to the themes of the novel, Hawthorne included the issue of family feuds, greed, and time. The novel was successful because it started with an interesting conflict. The use of time frame was also great as the generations of both families were clearly seen. Finally, the concept of greed was also effective as it was used as the binding theme for the novel’s plot. Work Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The House of the Seven Gables. USA: Pearson Education, 2000
Monday, July 29, 2019
Policy paper on current international problem Essay
Policy paper on current international problem - Essay Example The Palestinian community has also recently been fractured by the Fatah/Hamas split, adding a new and potentially explosive dynamic to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Despite decades of attempts at resolving this conflict, we are at an impasse and without a resolution in sight. The Palestinian-Israeli conflict remains one of the most enduring and complex disputes of modern times. Although many believe that current fighting began with the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, historian Benny Morris traces the origin of this conflict to early Jewish settlement in the Ottoman region of Filastin (modern day Israel/Palestine) as early as 1881 – 67 years before the state of Israel was created. As such, he describes the conflict as a Zionist-Arab dispute and not solely as a problem between modern day Israelis and Palestinians (Morris, 2001). The origins of the dispute between Israelis and Palestinians are important today because two key issues between the warring parties remain largely unchanged since the late ninetieth century. For more than one hundred years these two fundamental issues have driven, contributed to, and exacerbated the protracted nature of this conflict. The first major issue is territorial and the question of land. At its very core, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is a conflict over land; a tiny sliver of land, semi arid and dry, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and roughly the size of New Jersey (Central Intelligence Agency, 2008). The second major issue is the juxtaposition of Israeli and Palestinian identities; competing nationalisms which were at odds decades before the establishment of the modern state of Israel. It is these two core issues, disputed land and competing nationalisms, which are fundamental to the conflict and which must be tackled with vigor if one seeks to resolve the crisis. Historically speaking, few places on earth share the religious importance of present-day
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Theology paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1
Theology paper - Essay Example The four noble truths are; The Nature of Suffering, Sufferings Origin, Sufferings Cessation, and The Path Leading to the Cessation of Suffering. The path leading to cessation is an eight fold path set out by Buddha. These are related to faith, morality and meditation. The Heart Sutra emphasizes wisdom and emptiness. This sutra teaches us that the thing which looks like something much is nothing much. Form outside; it appears to be a lot, but there is really nothing behind. A swelled head as we know is an empty head (Conze, p.85). Heart Sutra reveals that most of the big things in this world are just like inflated balloons. From outside, the balloon may look like big, but we know that only air is inside the balloon. In other words, this sutra tries to educate us that whatever we perceive as big in this world are noting really meaningful. For example, many people may think that earning wealth and fame is a good achievement in this world. But according to Heart Sutra teachings, such things are just like inflated balloons. When we die, we cannot take anything with us and hence the physical achievements in this world are meaningless. According to Christian belief, salvation can be obtained only through Jesus Christ. Jesus is the son of God who has sacrificed his life for saving the life of sinners. All the people in the world are sinners according to Christian belief. As per the rules of God, death is the punishment for sinners. But the sin has arrived in this world because of Adam’s sin. In other words, we, the children of Adam, are sinners traditionally because of the sins committed by Adam. God has given the verdict that in order to wipe off the punishment of sin from the world, person without free from sins should sacrifice his life. But in this world no saints are there. So God has sent his only son Jesus to the world in order to sacrifice his life to save our lives. Jesus’ sacrifice enabled him to attain full control or authority over the human
Saturday, July 27, 2019
IT managment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
IT managment - Case Study Example Consumer goods for such markets are transportation, construction, packaging, electricity, machinery, engineering and other equipments. The company does not fall under the category of â€Å"product/ service differentiator†, â€Å"responsible solution provider†or â€Å"new capability enabler.†At Alcan, the current organizing model is decentralized. Every business group competes independently having its own strategic IT plan, infrastructure choices, IT application and services, and each group has its own IT organization, which pursues its objectives which are based on group’s need and orientation (Hoving & van Bon, 2008). The group’s activities are diversified and over the years, the culture of autonomy has been reinforced by mergers and acquisitions. The expense on IT is between $275 to $300 million (Dube, Bernier and Roy, 2009), which includes the cost of consulting, the cost of fragmented systems, infrastructure and resources. The IT costs are documented at several levels- at the local level and within the same business group. As the IT human resource does not report to the same IT unit, the results come in a wide range of methods, and certain operating expenses are not recorded as IT expenses. No overall architecture existed in the company for IT applications. The supply strategies were used for project delivery, application management and there was no consolidated overview for the needs and requests as the competencies of groups were not aligned with the current projects. Moreover, there was no option but to opt for outside expertise. The IT management architecture was highly complex, diversified and fragmented. There were over 1000 information systems and more than 400 handled financial data. The information system was made up of 60 resources distributed in 5 different cities. The first was SAP oriented, which focused on the needs of former Pechiney, and there were
Friday, July 26, 2019
Australia in the Asia Pacific Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Australia in the Asia Pacific - Essay Example This, along with democratic institutions, cultural diversity and a record of constructive international engagement, underpins Australian participation in world affairs. Key components of Australia's security strategy include a strong national defense capability; the alliance relationship with the United States; bilateral defense and security relationships with Asia Pacific countries; and multilateral security links, especially through the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Regional Forum. Australia is closely engaged in international counter-terrorism efforts both regionally and around the world." According to the World Bank, the East Asia Pacific region consists of more than 20 countries and the region is home to more than 2 billion of the earth's people. The countries included in this region are; Cambodia, China, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, Korea, the People's Democratic Republic of Lao (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Marshall Islands, FS Micronesia, Mongolia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. (http://www.worldbank.org) One of the main reasons why Australia needs to focus on the South Asian Pacific region is that it is a lucrative potential market for our country. "Close engagement with Asia is an imperative for Australia, and bilateral political, security and people-to-people links between Australia and many Asian countries are strong and sophisticated. Extensive two-way trade and investment and the development of comprehensive bilateral free trade agreements characterize economic relations with a number of countries in Asia. Japan and China are Australia's largest and third-largest export destinations respectively." (http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/australia_foreign_trade_policy.html) As with all the rest of the world; Australia likes to maintain close-knit relations with Pacific Asia. The following map helps to determine the layout of the South Asian region on the world map.Source: http://www.lexisnexis.com Source: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEASTASIAPACIFIC/Images/eap-map.jpg In the 2006 opening address to the Energy Security in Asia Pacific Policy Forum, Australian Treasurer, the Honorable Peter Costello MP stated the following statistics, "Australia has 8 per cent of the world's total reserves of coal. It has been the world's largest exporter of coal since 1986. In 2004, Australia accounted for 55 per cent of total world exports of metallurgical coal and 20 per cent of total world exports of thermal coal. It has 2 per cent of the world's natural gas reserves. Since 1989, it has emerged as one of the world's largest exporters of Liquid Natural Gas (LNG). Australian firms have become known as noteworthy long-term suppliers of LNG to China. Australia's Northwest Shelf endeavor has been chosen by China to be the sole provider of LNG. The agreement will worth between $A20 and $A25 billion in export revenue for Australia. This is Australia's largest solitary export deal. Australia has 40 per cent of the world's proven reserves of uranium and is the world's second largest uranium
CBRN Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear weapons Essay - 4
CBRN Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear weapons - Essay Example in the fields of nuclear science and technology, a wide range of destructive weapons have been introduced that can be used to cause massive destruction in the targeted areas. If we talk about the United States of America, we can say that the United States has been on the red list of the terrorists for a long time because of its efforts towards establishing and stabilizing democracy and peace in the world. This paper includes a discussion of nuclear weapons as the weapons of mass destruction, as well as some non-state actors that pose this threat. Along with this, the paper also includes a discussion on the ways this threat can be mitigated by the government of the United States in the event that suspected states actually make an attack. The thesis statement for this paper is that ‘there is a continuous threat of the use of nuclear weapons by Al-Qaeda (non-state actor) and Iran (state actor) against the forces of the United States; hence, a well-planned strategy should be followed to mitigate the potential threat’. The type of weapons of mass destruction to be discussed in this paper is nuclear bomb. Nuclear bombs have been the most deadly weapon of mass destruction since their development. These bombs have been used against Japan during the Second World War in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki causing thousands of casualties. The countries that possess these weapons include the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Russia, France, China, North Korea, India, and Pakistan. Among all these states, Pakistan is considered the most risky nuclear state because of presence of Al-Qaeda terrorist group and some other extremist and terrorist groups in the country. Pakistan is also one of those states that have not signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) that ensures the peaceful use of nuclear energy. Moreover, the large-scale presence of Al-Qaeda in the region makes Pakistan the most risky and dreadful nuclear state of the world that can pose severe
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Chinese Monetary and Exchange System Reform Dissertation
Chinese Monetary and Exchange System Reform - Dissertation Example There are many doubts over the government’s claims of effective capital controls and the proofs of â€Å"hot money†tell a very different story. The bigger openness of economy will certainly create an environment of tension with the China's closed capital account. The country must put in place a strong institutional framework and a solid financial infrastructure. These are very necessary measures for accommodating freedom of cross-border capital flows and can provide China chances of making meaningful progress in banking reform in the next three to five years. During the last two years, China’s currency current account surplus registered a rapid increase, showing an increase of 817 billion dollars (or 1.5 percent) of gross domestic product in 2001 to 46 billion (or 3.2 percent) of gross domestic product in 2003. Its currency remains depreciated by nearly all metrics. The country ran a trade surplus of 32 billion dollars in 2004 compared with a surplus of about 25.5 billion dollars in 2003. For two causes, however, the fundamental recent account surplus in the years 2003 and 2004 is merely about undoubtedly significantly higher than the calculated surplus. The first cause, the economy of the country has been growing fast, at a record-setting but clearly flawed pace. High growth has encouraged an unprecedented demand for imports, which showed a rise of 40 percent in 2003, making the country third largest importer of world. In 2004 imports registered an additional increase of 36 percent. cent. While China's economic growth ultimately slows to a more sustainable pace, it is quite likely that import growth will slow down relative to the growth of exports and in result trade surplus of the country will how wide gap. Amid 1990 that was the prototype in the final macroeconomic cycle when the trade accounts reinforced considerably. The second cause, mainly because of the peg of Chinese currency Yuan to the US dollar, the real trade-weighted value of the Chinese Yuan has
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
The Development and Growth in Sports and Physical Activities in Research Paper
The Development and Growth in Sports and Physical Activities in Britain - Research Paper Example The success of British sports in promoting justice can be credited to John Raws. Contextually, the concept of social justice in Britain reached at its height with the publication of ‘A Theory of Justice’ narrated by John Rawls. In his book, he argued on the complexity of traditional theory of justice and proposed his own principles. The principles postulated by him stated that each person should have equal rights to the most extensive basic liberties which should comprise compatible similar liberty for all irrespective of any race, ethnic origin, religion and colour. Furthermore, he added that social and economic equalities should be drawn in such a way that yields the greatest benefits to every individual or group (Wolff, 2012). Spracklen & et. al. (2006) stated that despite the considerable efforts and attention to racial equality over the last few years, the progress towards creating equality has not been much fruitful in the UK. The principles stated by John Rawls do not seem to be in practice in a modern day sports context. At the same time, it is also being argued that approaches initiated in the UK for promoting social equality failed to acknowledge views related with gender equality and social consequences which ultimately discouraged the support of sports opportunities for women and girls (Right to Play, 2010). Formal, radical and liberal equality all has been placed for promoting equality in society. The broad three aspects of equality vary in certain ways. In relation to this, formal equality is based on the rule of laws that advocates equality without making any discrimination.
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Freedom of Information Act 2000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Freedom of Information Act 2000 - Essay Example A campaign that finally resulted in the birth of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 on January 1, 2005. Notwithstanding these significant success chucked, a few years down the line the Act has generated mixed feelings and also generated unprecedented controversies. It is against this background that the central focus of this essay will be to conduct an exhaustive analysis of the most contending issues in the Freedom of Information Act 2000. Some observers are of the opinion that the innumerable exemptions in the Act have rendered it so feeble that it barely serves the purpose for which it was enacted. Whilst on the other hand, another school of thought holds a completely contrasting view of the Act as being an instrument that is lavishly granting arbitrary intrusive powers that are by themselves self-destructive; they primarily threaten social cohesion. The government of the United Kingdom enacted and implemented the Freedom of Information Act 2000 through her parliament to create the platform for individuals, institutions and organizations to be bestowed with the right to demand relevant information from public institutions. It should be noted that the enactment of the Act is fundamentally a fulfillment of the Labor Party's election campaign promise during the 1997 general elections. Basically, the F Basically, the Freedom of Information Act is part of the general legal system that already has a number of legislations that boarder on the rights of information. They include among others the Common Law of Confidentiality, the European Convention on Human Rights and the Data Protection Act 1998. Essentially, the legislation as implemented in the United Kingdom1 seeks to serve citizens within the broader framework of both the parliament of Scotland and the parliament of the United Kingdom. In Scotland it is called the "Scottish Act 2002" whilst the name remains unchanged in the United Kingdom. It became imperative to structure the Act to be in consonance with the juridical and public regulatory system in Scotland as means of ensuring the workability of the Act across geopolitical areas; in Scotland for instance, the parliament has an enormous control of the majority of public institutions making it thus prudent to make realistic adjustments to accommodate this difference, hence a second legislation dubbed the "Act of the Scottish Parliament" was enacted to bridge this gap. It is in many ways very similar to the main Act (The Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002). Meanwhile the Freedom of Information Act is limited in its application to institutions and bodies that are out of the legal and geographical jurisdiction of the United Kingdom; they include territories abroad as well as crown dependencies. Taking cognizance of the sensitive nature of the Act the government was convinced that the most prudent to manage the process is to adopt a gradualist approach to guide the implementation process. Consequently, the Act was implemented in phases culminating into the tentative Act that guaranteed access to public information been eventually enforced on January 1, 2005. A look at the Act shows well over 100, 000 public institutions that have being listed as being eligible to release information to any individual, public interest organisation or institution (see Brooke, 2005 for detailed
Monday, July 22, 2019
Gambling addictions effect on family Essay Example for Free
Gambling addictions effect on family Essay Gambling is a distraction for most people, something to look forward to on a vacation or the occasional trip to the racetrack. However, there are others who cant control their interest in gambling. Instead of doing it on an occasional basis, it becomes an everyday activity and a cruel addiction. Individuals who become addicted to gambling often get overwhelmed by the activity and allow it to become the dominant thing in their lives at the expense of themselves and their family. Addiction Addicted gamblers get into trouble when they start chasing their losses. A gambler may go to the casino or go online to gamble with a fixed amount of money. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, the increased access to gambling throughout the United States the problem of pathlological gambling is likely to increase in the future. Sponsored Links Pedialyte ® For Children When it Comes to Rehydration, Other Household Beverages Cant Compare. www. Pedialyte. com Function The gambler doesnt want to lose, but when those losses occur, he doesnt want others to know about it. He wants to hide his losses because he doesnt want to disappoint others and he doesnt want to face the consequences of what is happening. So when an addicted gambler is losing, he is hurting his family by losing money that cannot afford to be lost and he is hurting is family even more by lying to them. According to a report by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, there are 2. 5 million pathological gamblers in the United States and another 3 million problem gamblers. Impact In many cases, the addicted gamblers family doesnt find out about the problem until many months or years have gone by. The gambler may manipulate the familys money for a while to make it look like all the funds are in tact. However, after a given period, that wont be possible because the money will be gone. The gamblers spouse or significant other may discover the shortfall in a routine examination of the accounts or the gambler may admit the problem when the guilt becomes overwhelming. Either way, trust has been destroyed in the relationship. Treatment Preventing a gambler from gambling is difficult, but if family members know about the problem and really want to help, they can practice tough love in order to prevent the gambler from doing more damage to himself and to the family. A support group like Gamblers Anonymous can also help. GA, modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous, uses 12 steps to increase self-awareness and identify character defects that can help the individual arrest his gambling problem. However, the compulsive gambler cannot be cured. Identification The American Academy of Family Physicians has identified some of the behaviors associated with pathological gambling, which can help family members identify if a family member has a gambling problem. These behaviors include preoccupation with gambling; repeated failed efforts to control gambling; gambles to escape problems; lies to family members, therapists and others to conceal gambling losses and relies on others to provide money to relieve desperate financial situations.
Witness Memory as Evidence in Criminal Trials
Witness Memory as Evidence in Criminal Trials 1. When, and why, are witnesses’ memories unreliable as evidence in criminal trials in England and Wales? Memory Memory is one’s ability to recall the past events. Memory let us explain our personal experiences and perception about anything which is occurred in past. Types Of Memory There are three types of memory Episodic Memory Episodic memory refers to our memory of special event like accident, death etc. Semantic Memory There are too many general knowledge is stored in one’s mind which comes under the semantic memory type. It also refers to the information which is stored in our mind to perform any skill. It also tells us how to perform in some repeated situation. Procedural Memory Understanding the procedural memory is rather difficult to understand and contains different kind of information. Generally it refers to series of events which occurred on numerous times. Importance Of Witness Memory Witness memory is a fuel of any investigation because it let investigator to collect information about incident but human memory is too fragile to exactly remember every moment. There are also numerous factors involved which affect witness memory that is environment factors, witness factors, stress levels of the witness/victim, weapon focus. When Witness Memory Is Unreliable As Evidence? Witnesses memories are unreliable as evidence in criminal trials in England and Wales when there is a â€Å"TurnBull†direction indicated the state of witness at the time of incident happened because so many researches has found the massive impression on the quality of information. What Is TurnBull? There are too many environmental factors which affect the memory of witness and can damage the quality and quantity of information. R. V. Turnbull guidance proposed a term ADVOKATE Amount of time one observed Distance – What was the distance between event and witness Visibility – How much the scene was clear? Obstruction – Was there anything obscuring the view? Known or seen before – If the situation was familiar? Any reason to remember – What is the reason behind to remember. Time lapse – How long the exposure of event? Error or material discrepancy – Is there any discrepancy between the fact and the description (Booklet). Why Witness State Is Unreliable In England and Wales, Evidence is not reliable, when there is a Turnbull direction in a state of witness because sometime witness rely on external help to recall the incident or he may have perceived wrongly due to distance or visibility or both (Bull, 1999) Generally people under the investigation are not ready to recall the incident currently. Many factors like fear, stress and nervousness can affect their quality of information. Sometimes they rely on external resources to feed them and they wrongly perceive the series of happening occurred at TBR events. Sometimes witness may lie for any previous dispute or grudge. Witness may be biased and can provide wrong information to affect the investigation Conclusion Since witness memory depends on lots of factors which are indicated through the famous term ADVOKATE therefore investigation should be taken with caution and every term of ADVOKATE should be properly and clearly note down. To gather worthy information from the witness, should check the witness personal preference of biasness or favoritism. It should also be checked that whether the witness is pressurized by the culprit to speak lie. What changes should be made, to the procedures for identifying suspects in criminal investigations in England and Wales, according to psychological research? Human memory is too fragile to exactly remember the incident which happened that is why interviewing the witness to identifying the suspect is rather difficult task. It can also affect by the â€Å"Turnbull†directions. Usually witness replies the interviewer in broad term and can only describe six or seven characteristics of suspect like age (Between 20-30) or height (between 5’6’’ – 5’8’’) that is why it is always difficult to get accurate knowledge about victim. The accurate information may be collected through cognitive interview but this type of interview demands too much time to conclude things. These re the reasons for which psychological research stress on the identification parade to identify the culprit. (Kapardis ebrary, 2010) Why Should Be Identification Parade Arranged? Identification parade are arranged to avoid two hurdles of identifying the culprit. Verbal Overshadowing In most of crime, during the investigation, witness is interviewed by more than one officer and provided stream of information due to which he can mix up the details which is stored in witnesses’ mind and the information he is provided by the officers about culprit. If identification parade is arranged then a witness can easily identify the suspect or the person who is somehow linked with the crime. Information To The Public Some crimes are needed to announce in public through media and police shows the picture, video or sketch of suspect in public. Sometimes a totally innocent person can be suspected and shown to public. Witnesses, after seeing the police announcement about suspect can to mix-up the faces of suspect with actual culprit. In that case, after the identification parade, officers are directed to ask witnesses whether they have seen any broadcast on media or not? Asking directly to the witness is rather strange. According to researchers, it is more appropriate to ask logically by the witness rather than directly. Changing Facial Expressions. Facial expressions of people are changed with the passage of time due to weight, tiredness, hair color or culprit can deliberately change it to be hidden from the police but if culprit is arrested for identification parade then he cannot change his facial expression and can be identified by the witness. Conclusion Investigation with witness should be deal with cautious and interviewer should know the art of interviewing to get accurate information. Investigator should avoid direct questions like was that man wearing black shirt? Or did you see blood spot on right side of window? It is recommended to ask series of questions to grab the fact like the series below. What have you seen at spot? Can you tell us the gender of person you have seen? What was he wearing? It is also recommended to setup interview as soon as possible because there is margin of memory fail. Describe the extent to which offender profiling is relied upon both in criminal investigations and in criminal trials in England and Wales.? Offender Profiling Offender profiling is a tool of investigation about the culprit with the help of evidences. Offender profiling is commonly perceive as a magical ability of investigator to put hands on the culprit. It is also called psychological profiling, criminal personality profiling, profile analysis and the offender profiling is carried by the profilers or offender profilers. Offender profiling is a psychological assessment of evidence which is collected from the crime scene. Offender profiler collects evidence from the crime scene and assess assumes the personality type which usually exhibits similar patterns (Jackson Bekerian, 1997). Aims Of Profiling The aim of profiling is to get closer to suspect and get the answer of three questions What happened at the spot of incident? What personality type can be involved in it? What personality traits can be possessed by that personality type? These questions are generally analyzed by the psychologist who are expert of their field and are outside of the police department. Limitations Of Offender Profiling Although the crime scene can reflect the personality of offender and psychiatrist put insights on it but sometimes searching the link between the crime and mental state of offender is not cleared or understandable. It is also criticized that psychologist are helpful only in the crime which are committed in extreme cases of mental illness. They are not much useful in the crimes which are not committed due to mental illness. One more criticism is usually done on clinical approach that psychologists works according to science of psychology which is remain ambiguous and has flaws in it. Understanding and evaluating complex human psyche is rather difficult task and sometimes it is understood completely wrong Conclusion Offender profiling is no doubt a significant part of crime investigation but it is also limited in a way. It restricts psychiatrist to some specific pattern of personality traits while human behavior is always complex and cannot read accurately always. It is not necessary that crime scene always show the exact pattern of behavior which culprit exhibit. Identify the key ways in which the research, into common forms of decision-error, might inform and improve practice in criminal investigations and trials? Deception Identifying someone’s lie is not easy according to research reaching correct result is tending to fall between 50 to 60 percent. The more common reason of this trend is over confidence of people in their ability to judge others. Detection Of Deception Despite of fact that deception cannot be easily caught, people also make some basic judgment errors. These judgment errors are categorized in five types. Pinocchio’s Nose There is indeed some universal signs of lying like stammering, avoid eye contact, blushing but it cannot equally apply to everybody on the earth. So these universal signals may guide to wrong direction. Erroneous Assumptions Some people thing that deception can easily be caught by facial expression or they are the master of face reading. Some people do have the ability of face reading but in general this ability is over estimated. Othello Error This type of error is actually comes in existence due to Shakespeare’s drama where Othello achieved his target by accusing Desdemona but in modern criminal justice system this error misleads because most of people became nervous and feared when the feel that they are under observation. The Plausibility Problem Plausible and implausible problems have problem to judge right because we do not believe implausible event if it is reported by some old man. Countermeasures A natural liar can deceive the interviewer after noticing the interviewer suspicion and can adjust his/her behavior accordingly. Techniques To Improve Decision Errors Scholars and researchers proposed three techniques of improving decision errors. Un- spoken deeds Lying can be judged by the entire body language which includes gestures, postures, facial expressions, voice quality etc. Some common proposed techniques of judging un spoken deeds are: Decrease in movement of entire legs till feet Decrease in hand movements Sudden increase and decrease in voice. These all assumed signs should be deal with cautious because it cannot be true in every situation like deception errors and may lead to in accurate judgment. Spoken Deeds Numerous techniques are used to judge the â€Å"REAL†of words that are written or spoken. The two most famous techniques of read between the lines are: Statement Validity Analysis (SVA) which is developed by Steller and Kohnken in 1997 which is then incorporated by Criteria Based Content Analysis (CBCA). It implies that our account is different in content and quality in case of reality or imagination. This techniques uses nineteen criteria to judge a statement. This technique is not commonly use in U.K. Physiological Methods The most common technique of physiological method is Polygraph, which measures physiological reaction like heart beat, sweating etc to check the deception. The polygraph is conducted through different sensors that are attached to the body and every physiological reaction recorded as a graphical presentation. Although polygraph is considered as very effective tool of detecting deception and has been used in different countries but it is not used in U.K. criminal justice system due to complex human nature and the fact that human behavior and their psychological reactions are vary from person to person. Conclusion To improve decision making process in U.K spoken deeds and physiological test should be considered because these two techniques have been using in different countries and showing successful results to some extent but these techniques should be used with the caution and must not be rated overly. It should be used with the understanding that human nature varies from person to person and same reactions cannot be equally applied to everybody Bibliography Booklet. (n.d.). Retrieved from Police Service Of Northern Ireland: http://www.psni.police.uk/de/public_order_8th_edition.pdf Milne, R. and Bull, R. (1999).Investigative interviewing: Psychology and practice. Chichester: Wiley.†Kapardis, A., ebrary, I. (2010). Psychology and law: a critical introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press 2010. 1 | Page
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Impact Of Sensory Marketing Marketing Essay
Impact Of Sensory Marketing Marketing Essay Existing research studies on sensory marketing efforts focus on the broad influence of sensory stimuli on consumer reactions to different brands. This research study narrows down the focus of sensory elements to olfactory and auditory stimuli and tries to analyze the effect of these stimuli on consumer emotions. Further the relationship between emotions generated out of these sensory stimuli and consumer purchase decision is being established. INTRODUCTION With ever increasing clutter in the advertising space as multiple brands vie for consumers attention simultaneously, capturing the consumers attention has become more challenging than ever for marketers today. Marketers realize the need for an alternative mechanism to capture consumer mind share in order to enhance brand awareness. Research shows that 99% of all marketing communication is based on what consumers see and hear. Scientific studies have proved that as human beings, 75% of our emotions are connected to what we smell rather than what we see and hear. Marketing in general seems to have neglected this very important sense, given the fact that branding is all about building emotional relationships between a product and the consumer. AN OVERVIEW OF THE SENSORY MARKETING APPROACH Marketers are finding new ways to build stronger connections to their customers and drive preference for their brands by employing scent, sound and material textures in immersive customer experiences. Sensory marketing is an emerging business discipline that applies analytical techniques to amalgamate the use of sensory stimuli such as scent, sound and texture in order to develop strong brands that are more memorable for customers than conventional visual branding techniques alone. Brands develop strong memories in consumers through content and communication cleverly packaged to appeal to our five senses. This results in stronger bonds between consumers and brands. The table below (a result of a survey by Brand sense) shows the importance of consumer emotions with respect to each of the five senses and the percentage marketing spend of Fortune 500 companies with respect to each of these senses. Figure 1: Perceived importance of senses versus marketing spend by Fortune 500 companies Sense % identifying each sense as very or somewhat important % spend against the senses by Fortune 500 companies Sight 58% 84% Sound 41% 12% Smell 45% 2% Touch 25% 1% Taste 31% 1% Source: Brand sense Sensory marketing applications Marketers from varied industries from automobile to food and leisure to entertainment have leveraged sensory branding in the last few years. One of the first movers to employ sensory branding is the Singapore Airlines, with its patented fragrance Stefan Floridian Waters, becoming its trademark and a standard company scent. The hot towels served to the customers perfume worn by flight attendants is standardized to this aroma to create an enthralling memorable in-flight experience. Cinemas have traditionally uses the aroma of popcorn to arouse the unique feeling of being in a movie hall. The breakfast cereal company, Kelloggs has patented a crunchy sound and feel of eating cornflakes that is unique in its own way. Mercedes-Benz had set up a division to work on the sound of its car doors to increase the perception of high quality among its consumers. Similarly many companies have tried to subtly exploit the impact of sensory perceptions in building their brands and ensuring better consumer loyalty. Purpose and scope of the study The purpose of this study would be to analyze at a basic level what impact sensory branding has on the purchase behaviour of consumers. Hulten, Bertin (2012) aims to depict shoppers touching behaviour in relation to the introduction of visual and olfactory sensory cues at point-of-purchase in a retail setting. The findings demonstrate that sensory cues exert a positive impact on consumers desire to touch. Sensory cues frame consumers affective responses and decision making through involving the sense of touch. This study will aim to see to what extent and how multi-sensory marketing efforts have a positive impact on the consumer during his purchase decision making process. It would also look at cases of how marketers have leveraged sensory branding to positively influence consumer behaviour and present what are the key takeaways that marketers in particular can act on in order to increase brand awareness and induce trials. IMPACT OF SENSORY MARKETING ON PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR: EXISTING RESEARCH Academic research has shown that different sensory impressions impact consumer behaviour and perceptions of goods and services. The sense of sight is the most powerful one for discovering changes and differences in the environment and is the most common sense in perceiving goods or services. Impressions of sound have been analyzed empirically by Garlin and Owen (2006), Sweeney and Wyber (2002). The sense of sound is linked to emotions and feelings and the sense impacts brand experiences and interpretations. The sense of smell is related to pleasure and well-being and is closely connected to emotions and memories. The sense of taste is the most distinct emotional sense and often interacts with other senses. The sense of touch is the tactile one, related to information and feelings about a product through physical and psychological interactions. A multi-sensory brand-experience takes place when more than one of the five senses contributes to the perception of sensory experiences (Hulten, 2009). The author defines multi-sensory brand experience as follows: a multi-sensory brand-experience supports individual value creation and refers to how individuals react when a firm interacts, and supports their purchase and consumption processes through the involvement of the five human senses in generating customer value, experiences, and brand as image. Sensory marketing model Figure 2: A model for sensory marketing Sensorial strategies In relation to the five human senses Sensors Scent sensors Sound sensors Sight sensors Taste sensors Touch sensors Sensations Atmos-pheric Auditory Visual Gastro-nomic Tactile Sensory expressions The multi-sensory brand experience Customer equity Source: Hulten, Bertin (2009) A sensory marketing model takes its point of departure in the human mind and senses, where mental flows, processes and psychological reactions take place and result in a multi-sensory brand-experience. An individuals personal and subjective interpretation and understanding of a multi-sensory brand-experience is referred to here as experiential logic. This means that, for each individual, the logic contributes to forming behavioural, emotional, cognitive, sensory, or symbolic values. According to Bertin Hulten (2009), this consumer experience becomes an image, forming the mental conceptions and perceptions of interactions and inputs in the service process, which constitutes the final outcome of the multi-sensory experience within a brand perspective. This perspective is defined here as an individuals beliefs, feelings, thoughts, and opinions about a brand, based on the overall experience. Sensors aim at communicating sensations and sensory expressions that reinforce the multi-sensory brand experience for the customer. Sensations aim at expressing a brands identity and values as something distinctive and sensorial, in facilitating the multi-sensory brand experience. Influence of olfactory stimulation Hyojung Ho et al (2010) show that consumers understand the relation between specific product and smell by experiencing and learning. By this biological responses and the principle of classical conditioning that build through repetition, olfactory stimulation influences peoples attitude directly. And also, information from organ of smell can have an influence on peoples behaviour unconsciously by hypothalamus which controls an autonomic nerve and the endocrine system. The author shows that fragrance can create various kinds of positive emotion but the positive emotion cannot directly influence on willingness to buy in other product types. However, fragrance can be used for motivating to purchase. In addition, fragrance results in a wide variety of positive emotion on fashion goods. Fragrance can be used on marketing strategy as each products concept. Moreover, in the case of high technology product, satisfaction was the highest. And also, Consumers feel pleased and impressed from products with fragrance regardless of its product type. Auditory stimuli and consumer behaviour Park and Young (1986) examined the effect of music (present, absent) and three types of involvement (low involvement, cognitive involvement, affective involvement) on the formation of attitudes toward a brand in the context of TV commercials. Music increased the brand attitude for subjects in the low involvement condition but had a distracting effect for those in the cognitive involvement condition. Its effect for those in the affective involvement condition was not clear. They argue that music acted as a peripheral persuasion cue. The relationship between the fit of the mood induced music (happy or sad) and the purchase occasion (happy or sad) and its effect on purchase was studied by Alpert, Alpert, and Maltz (2005). While mood induced by music did not exhibit a main effect on purchase intentions, its interaction with fit was significant. The authors conclude that when music is used to evoke emotions congruent with the symbolic meaning of the product, the likelihood of purchase is increased. Haptics as a sensory marketing tool Terry and Childers (2003) show how haptic information influences emotions and consumer purchase behaviour. Haptic information, or information attained through touch by the hands, is important for the evaluation of products that vary in terms of material properties related to texture, hardness, temperature, and weight. The authors develop and propose a conceptual framework to illustrate that salience of haptic information differs significantly across products, consumers, and situations. The authors use two experiments to assess how these factors interact to impair or enhance the acquisition and use of haptic information. Barriers to touch, such as a retail display case, can inhibit the use of haptic information and consequently decrease confidence in product evaluations and increase the frustration level of consumers who are more motivated to touch products. In addition, written descriptions and visual depictions of products can partially enhance acquisition of certain types of touch information. The authors synthesize the results of these studies and discuss implications for the effect of haptic information for Internet and other non-store retailing as well as for traditional retailers. Analysis of literature with respect to impact on consumer behaviour The research studies analyze show that consumers are heavily using their senses in order to perceive the quality of the product and associate it with positive emotions. The perception of different marketing stimuli consists of emotional and cognitive processes, which take place within the consumer. According to the findings of these studies, sensory stimuli deriving mainly from the product and the packaging such as colors, modern style, pleasant smell, velvety texture and closure packaging sound, influence brand perception positively leading to a stronger (rational and emotional) bond between the brand and the consumer. Marketers need to pay attention, apart from the traditional means of the marketing mix (advertising, public relations, personal selling, sales promotion), to other very important sensory means, such as product scent and texture, store atmosphere (including store music), sounds deriving by their products. Sensory marketing is a relative new concept, which involves the creative synergy between marketing, psychology, neuroscience and neuropsychology. If marketers clearly understand this new concept and try to utilize the knowledge of similar to this study researches, then they can offer a unique buying experience to their consumers, significantly increasing the probability of selling their products. IMPACT OF SENSORY MARKETING ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INVOLVED Sensory marketing framework Sensory marketing is an application of the understanding of sensation and perception to the field of marketing -to consumer perception, cognition, emotion, learning, preference, choice, or evaluation. (Aradhna Krishna, 2011). A framework can be constructed which conceptually explains the process of sensory marketing: Figure 3: A conceptual framework of sensory marketing Sensory Perception Product Stimulus Emotion Behavior Attitude Learning Cognition Source: Krishna, Aradhana (2011) It is to be noted that sensation and perception are stages of processing involved in sensory marketing. Sensation happens when the stimulus has an impact on the receptor cells of a sensory organ-this part is neurological in nature. Perception is the awareness or understanding of sensory information. Analysis of sensory marketing variables Based on the framework above, its possible to identify the variables that can be used to study sensory marketing. Stimuli created through any one or any combination of the five senses (touch, auditory, olfactory, vision, taste) can be identified as the antecedent variables. Sensory stimuli Touch If the hedonic aspects of touch can increase persuasion, the use of touch in marketing may be more broadly applicable than previously believed (Joann Peck Jennifer Wiggins, 2006). It is widely believed that the role of touch is limited to providing information to the customer about the physical attributes of the product; however this kind of touch can be used effectively only in contexts in which customers are able to physically evaluate the product. But the use of touch as a hedonic tool has the potential to be applied to a broad set of products and even services and in a wide variety of contexts which include but are not limited to package design, print advertising, direct mail advertising, and point-of-purchase displays. Sensory stimuli Olfactory There have been studies which have dealt with the relationship between ambient scent and memory. Morrin and Ratneshwar (2003) showed that ambient scent increased recall and recognition of brands seen. Earlier studies on this topic also suggested that ambient odors result in memories and affect elaboration on product information and choice. According to Bosmans (2006), ambient scent can lead to emotion-based semantic connections with memories (e.g., roses and babies) and result in improving product evaluation. Stimuli auditory There have been various studies on the effect of auditory stimuli on marketing programs. A lot of marketing communication is auditory in nature for e.g. radio and television advertising messages, jingles and songs. There is also prevalence of ambient music in retail spaces, hotels, restaurants and airplanes. Also marketers create and deploy signature sounds for products for unique identification for their brand such as the sound for the Windows OS that one hears each time we boot a PC. Ismail M. El Sayed, Dalia A. Farrag, Russell W. Belk (2006) concluded that the type of background music played in malls had a distinct effect on the shopping behaviour of the visitors. They used the Stimulus-Organism-Response paradigm to ascertain the impact of auditory stimuli on purchase behaviour. Stimuli through vision and taste AydinoÄÅ ¸lu and Krishna (2011) demonstrate that size labels adopted by food vendors can have a major impact on consumers size judgments and consumption (actual and perceived), since consumers integrate the actual size information from the stimuli, with the semantic cue from the size label. The consequent variables identified are enhanced customer awareness about the brand, increase in brand recall, better brand recognition and customer purchase behavior whether the stimuli actually leads to the customer purchasing the product. Customer awareness As a result of stimuli through any of the senses, the awareness of a product/brand can be enhanced in the customers minds. Brand recognition (learning) Sensory stimuli is more often deployed by marketers in their products in order to ease the process of recognizing a brand for a customer. Auditory and visual stimuli in the form of packaging are more often used to enable a customer to recognize a brand with a higher level of ease and convenience. Brand recall (memory) Marketers also use sensory stimuli as a tool to facilitate a high level of brand recall among the customers. A typical example is that of the Intel Pentium processor sound or even the Britannias jingle in the Indian market. Purchase behavior Though sensory stimuli can help in awareness and recall, it is ultimately the conversion into a purchase that is the ultimate goal of marketers of any product. Barry J. Davies, Dion Kooijman and Philippa Ward (2003) show a model of how environmental stimuli in the form of ambient scent can affect the shopping behaviour of consumers in a retail set up. Figure 4: Model of the Influence of Ambient Scent on Consumer Responses Moderators Approach avoidance reactions Affective response Perceived ambient scent Objective ambient scent Source: Barry J. Davies, Dion Kooijman and Philippa Ward (2003) Variables for study The variables chosen for this study would be auditory and olfactory stimuli on the antecedent side and customer purchase behavior on the consequent side. Antecedents Consequences Kind of stimuli Vision Brand awareness Taste Brand recognition Purchase behavior Auditory Brand recall Olfactory The scope of research would be to identify how marketers have deployed the use of auditory and olfactory stimuli in products, services or environments (shopping malls, etc) to influence the customer purchase behavior. The study will also analyze the two major intermediate variables involved in the process perception of the stimuli and emotions and cognition happening at the customers mind. ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY STIMULI ON PURCHASE DECISION Research proposition This paper proposes that olfactory or auditory stimuli deployed by marketers in products or retail environments actually lead to positive emotions and cognitive reactions about the brand for the consumer. Further these cognitive and affective beliefs lead the consumer to the actual purchase decision. To analyze the validity of the above proposition, we examine the case in two different stages: Influence of olfactory and auditory stimuli in creating positive emotions/affective beliefs in consumers Influence of positive emotions on actual decision to purchase Relationship between olfactory stimuli and affective reactions in the consumer The sense of smell is considered to be the most closely related to emotional reactions. The olfactory bulb is directly connected to the limbic system in the brain, which is the system related to immediate emotion in humans (Wilkie 1995). 75% of emotions are generated by smell (Bell and Bell 2007). Consequently, smell represents a direct line to feelings of happiness and hunger and is a sensory bandwidth that cannot be turned off (Wilkie 1995; Vlahos 2007). Thus, from a marketers perspective, smell has an instantaneous good or bad effect on our emotional state which, as some research has shown, ultimately affects our shopping and spending behavior. Figure 5: How Objective Ambient Scents Interact with the Perceptual Process Organizing Assimilation Covert objective Objective Conscious level of awareness scent Sensing Attention Reacting Response Reacting Response Sensing Attention Ambient scent Organizing Assimilation Source: Bradford and Desrochers (2009) The neurological substrates of olfaction are especially geared for associative learning and emotional processing. Marketers can link a scent with an unconditioned stimulus eliciting the desired response and eventually prompting a conditioned response from consumers (Herz 2002). Further, since the olfactory bulbs are part of the limbic system and directly connect to the structures that process emotion (the amygdala) they also strongly related to associative learning (the hippocampus) (Herz 2002). No other sensory system has this type of intimate link between emotion and associative learning (Herz 2002). Relationship between auditory stimuli and affective reactions in the consumer Ambient sound, such as music heard in hotels, restaurants, retail stores, and supermarkets, can influence consumer mood, actual time spent in a location, perception of time spent, and actual spending. For instance, stereotypically French versus German music has been shown to affect the choice of wine-shoppers bought more French (German) wine when French (German) music was played (North, Hargreaves, McKendrick, 1999); classical music has been shown to enhance pleasure, whereas pop-style music to increase arousal (Kellaris Kent, 1993). Music in a store also influences shopping pace-slower music produces slower shopping and results in more purchases since customers progress at a slower pace as they move through the store (Milliman, 1982). When consumers enjoy the background music, they feel they have spent less time shopping relative to the actual amount of time they have spent in the store; if they dislike it, despite the short amount of time they have actually spent in the store, they claim to have been there for much longer (Yalch Spangenberg, 2000; but, see also Kellaris Kent, 1992). Influence of positive emotions on consumer purchase decision The relationship between pleasant emotions and purchasing behaviors is relatively well supported in the retail literature (Donovan and Rossiter, 1994). In particular, the Mehrabian-Russell model (1974), which explains the relationship between environments, intervening variables, and behaviors relevant to retail setting using a Stimulus-Organism-Response paradigm, has received the widest usage to explain shopping emotions in consumer research. According to the Mehrabian-Russell model, three emotional responses of pleasure-displeasure, arousal-non arousal, and dominance-submissiveness mediate peoples approach or avoidance reactions to environments. (Lee and Yi, 2008). APPLICATIONS OF OLFACTORY MARKETING TO STIMULATE PURCHASE Sensory analysis is a scientific discipline which is now employed by all the leading brands and also companies who are trying to enhance their brand identity. Because, Consumers perception is as good as reality (Lindstrom, Martin (2010):p106), added (non-edible) aromas prove to the scientists that buyer behaviour is absolutely influenced. Nestle, coca-cola, Carlsberg add aroma to the packaging on their products. Exposed, unwrapped foods are how leading supermarkets and shops entice their consumers, an example of this would be the in store environment at Wholefoods. More specific examples include; the Florida hospital which has a seaside centre in which they use scent machines to circulate the smell of sea, coconut and vanilla, with the notion that patients will be soothed and not cancel their appointments. (Hulten, Bertil, Niklas Broweus Marcus van Dijk, 2009) The Hyatt hotel chain in Paris used their French history of great perfumers and combined that with detailed sensory brand analysis to create their own signature scent. Their scent brand was developed by French perfumer Blaise Mautin for the Park Hyatt Vendome hotel in 2002 and it incorporated eighteen ingredients. It was ultimately described as fresh cement poured over raw oak plank, plus fresh, ever-so-slightly cinnamony pastry dough with the olfactory texture of thick, rich tan silk (Hulten, Bertil, Niklas Broweus Marcus van Dijk (2009):p64). Such detailed descriptions are there to serve our need for developed language around olfaction, due to the fact that our confidence and communic ation around scent is still developing. That said, olfactory memory is not semantic but episodic and customers only come into contact with the experience not the description. APPLICATIONS OF AUDITORY MARKETING TO STIMULATE PURCHASE Much of marketing communication is auditory in nature-one hears radio and television advertising messages, jingles and songs; one also hears ambient music in retail spaces, hotels, restaurants and airplanes; then, there are signature sounds from products such as the sound for the Intel Pentium chip that one hears each time one starts a computer or the sounds for Motorola or Verizon cellphones. Importantly, even when one reads a word, one hears the word as well-if the language is phonetic in nature, then the words that one reads enter a phontactic loop before being encoded in the mind, similar to spoken words. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH Conclusion The findings from the research point to the fact that there is a positive relationship between olfactory and auditory stimuli deployed by marketers in products or retail environments and the emotions that the customers go through in the purchase situation. Also the different studies analyzed show that positive emotions generated by sensory experiences lead to a higher probability of actual purchase decision by the customer. Thus, it can be concluded that sensory marketing efforts do have a direct impact on the purchase decision of the customers. Limitations and future research This research is only limited to analyzing the effect of sensory marketing efforts on consumer purchase behaviour. However there are other variables on which sensory stimuli could have different positive or negative effects on brand recognition (especially in the case of auditory stimuli used for sonic branding), brand recall (mostly achieved through rich visual stimuli) or just consumer perception of the brand. Future research can focus on the effect of each of the individual sensory stimuli independently on these different consequent variables. Also this research has largely focused on conscious sensory approaches to marketing. However this study can be extended to the increasingly prevalent subliminal approaches taken by marketers to reinforce the brands subconsciously in the minds of consumers.
Saturday, July 20, 2019
The Star Wars Trilogy Essay -- essays research papers
The Star Wars Trilogy      The First of the three part series, Star Wars, is the tale of a band of heros who team together for the good of the universe and the money. The story begins as Princess Leia is held hostage by the Galactic empire in order to crush the rebellion against them. During the attack on Leia's ship two droids, R2-D2 and C-P30, escape through an escape pod. They landed on a foreign planet and were captured and sold to their new master Luke Skywalker. The Empire chases the droids because they have a secret map detailing the whereabouts of the rebel base.      As the empire searches for the map they destroy Luke's home. With no where to go R2-D2 leads Luke to Old Ben. One of the last Jedi Nights Ben takes Luke and the droids across the universe to The planet Orion on search of help. They meet Han Solo and Chewbacca who have a ship to get them there.      At this time in an attempt to get the co- ordinates for the Rebel base from the Princess Darth Vader, A leader of the Empire, Destroy Orion with there new space station the Death Star. As Luke and Han Aboard the Falcon get near the old planet they are caught by the Death Star. Once in side they escape there captors and seek to escape the Death star. While doing this they find Leia and free her. Ben also find his long time student turned evil, Darth Vader, and fights to the death. Vader wins but Ben spirit remains with Luke. The other...
Friday, July 19, 2019
Part-time Employment Undermines Students Commitment to School :: Summary Response Working School Essays
Part-time Employment Undermines Students Commitment to School by Laurence Steinberg      Summary: In the essay, â€Å"Part-time Employment Undermines a Student’s Commitment to School†by Laurence Steinberg, it explains how studies show that teenagers that work while attending school are more likely to loose their commitment to school. Steinberg tells the effects on students when they work more than twenty hours a week. His theory was that students are more susceptible to losing their interest in school, while working. They may have to work in the evening time, which can interfere with homework, sleep and diet. Steinberg also elaborated on how these students that work receive money that can make school seem less desirable. Also because they do receive money, they can use their extra money to become associated with drugs and alcohol.      Steinberg’s review of this subject shows the affects of what can happen if adolescents work while going to school and how this can engage them in drugs and have less engagement in school and other related activities.      Response: I agree with Steinberg that working affects adolescents that are going to school. I believe that teenagers should concentrate on their studies and not become overwhelmed with the added stress of work. There is plenty of time for them to learn the â€Å"real world†of working, so why not let them be kids and have them worry about their homework and after school chores, rather than trying to make the almighty dollar.      I like the way Steinberg explains how a simple job can lead to so much more. Parents do not always realize that yes, it is good for a teenager to learn responsibility, but getting a job at that age is not always the right thing to do. Each child is different some may be able to handle it, but most can not. This study shows the effects of how good students can change by working and going to school and how students that already have lost interest in school can loose even more interest and even drop out completely.
U.s. And Swedish Trends In Tax Reform :: essays research papers
U.S. and Swedish Trends in Tax Reform Tax reform has become a major governmental policy issue in the United States as well as in the rest of the world. Countries are attempting to balance both economic efficiency and provide equity in taxation. Governments are looking to rewrite tax codes to minimize their impact on economic growth. Specifically, governments throughout the world are attempting to preserve incentives built into taxation to maximize economic efficiency. At the same time, these governments are trying to cope with the growth in social welfare programs throughout the past three decades. In this paper I shall discuss two nations which dramatically overhauled their tax systems, and whether or not their goals with tax reform were achieved. In the article "The tax reform act of 1986: Did Congress love it or leave it?", Randall Weiss discusses the attitudes about taxes in the United States. He details the events and attitudes leading to the Tax Reform Act of 1986, and shows how public perception about taxes has changed since then. He also discusses some of the tax reform proposals that are now currently being thought about in Congress. In 1986 the United States Congress enacted the Tax Reform Act (TRA-86). The act passed with a great deal of bipartisan support. This support was made possible by two features of the act. The first was that federal income tax rates were to be cut dramatically. While this would lead one to believe that federal government receipts were cut substantially as well, it was the second important feature of the bill that allowed it to be revenue neutral. This feature was that the bill was to improve horizontal equity in the tax system. This would be accomplished by eliminating many of the deductions that many individuals, particularly the well to do, were allowed to make. Many of the complains about the tax system in the United States that preceded the Tax Reform Act were about the gross horizontal inequities that it allowed. A great deal of press preceding TRA-86 showed the public how many of the country's wealthiest individuals were able to get away with paying little or no federal income tax. Eliminating many of these tax deductions and loopholes had been the goal of several liberal Democrats for some time. In addition, conservatives in Congress wanted to reduce the escalating federal budget deficit at the time. Also, a prevailing attitude of the time was that reducing marginal tax rates would benefit the economy. It was believed that specific tax breaks and deductions to support economic growth would not be needed with the greatly reduced tax rates.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Nature vs. Nurture: Do We Have Control Over Our Destiny Or Is It Pre-determined For Us?
Do we have control over our destiny or is it pre-determined for us? This age-old question, which has been pondered since the age of Socrates, continues to cause much debate today. Psychologist will favor one side or the other with much controversy on the issue. They have been trying to explain or excuse human behavior in order to have a deeper understanding for development. Many professions have solicited the assistance of psychologists in trying to pre-determine the psychology of potential people for areas such as employment and placement. The legal profession has sought out psychologists on both sides to prove their theories of the mental abilities, behavior explanations or predictions of behavior of a defendant or plaintiff. â€Å"Society has been fighting a continuous fight from the debate nurture to nature, leaving behind a number of bewildered social scientist. Yet we still love to phrase everything in terms of one influence or the other, rather than both. †(Waal, 1999). In the educational profession, understanding the balance or affect of both nature and nurture is essential to designing an effective plan for each pupil’s advancement. Even though, today, it is widely accepted that the child’s culture interacts with his or her genetic traits to determine the kind of adult he or she will become, it is worth looking at this centuries’ long debate. The central dispute in the study of human development is the nature-nurture controversy. It is the continuing debate over whether the individual’s various traits and characteristics are influenced more by inborn factors or by experience. The nurture debate stresses the importance of cultural influences and other aspects of the environment that influence human development. Theorists, who share this view, believe that human development can be controlled by manipulating the environment. The nature debate refers to the idea that biological heredity is the only factor that determines differences among individuals. Nature refers to the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual genetically acquires from his/her parents. Some of those traits are physical characteristics, diseases, athletic and intellectual abilities, etc. At the end of the eighteenth century, a debate began about the nature of human beings, the influences of the mind on behavior, and the differences between humans and animals. On one side of the debate were people who believed that newborn babies were born without any knowledge or skills. John Locke, a British philosopher, suggested in the 1690s that the human infant is like a blank slate, on which experience in the form of human learning and it writes messages on the infant’s unformed mind. This view is known as empiricism. It credits human development to experience. What directs human development is the stimulation people receive as they are nurtured (Berger, 1988). Several years later, Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that children are capable of discovering how the world operates without adult teaching. He believed that children should be allowed to grow as nature dictates, without guidance or pressure from adults. This view is known as nativist. It argues that people’s heredity is the mold that shapes development (Cranston, 1991). John Watson, the founder of behaviorism, argued that the environment and not nature, was the key to human development. His theory states that most human behavior is learned, or conditioned. In 1918, he began conducting a series of highly controversial experiments with children. The results of these experiments demonstrated that an infant could learn to fear an object he or she previously perceived to be harmless, and he or she could come to fear similar objects. From his experiments, Watson inferred that children learn everything from skills to Nature vs. Nurture 4 fears. Watson showed that childhood learning experiences could have lasting effects in people’s lives (Crain, 2000). In Sigmund Freud’s theory, development was the product of both internal urges and external conditions, particularly children’s sexual and aggressive urges and how parents handled them. His theory incorporated both nature and nurture. Freud was the founder of Psychoanalysis, a theory that stresses the influence of unconscious motivation and drives [on not needed] all human behavior (Bee, 2002). In the 1970s, the theory of Jean Piaget dominated the developmental psychology field. Piaget suggested that nature and nurture are inseparable and interactive. His theory states that at each age, people develop schemas. Schemas are general ways of thinking about ideas and objects. According to him, as children actively manipulate and explore their surroundings, internal mental images of objects and actions guide them. Experience modifies these schemas. These schemas, in turn, organize past experiences and provide guidelines for understanding future experiences. Human development is accomplished by a process of organization and adaptation (Berger, 1988). Erik Erickson’s psychosocial theory of human development proposes that individuals are influenced by the interaction of physical characteristics, personal experiences, and social forces. In his view, each culture greatly influences each person’s ability to deal with the most significant tasks of psychological development (Crain, 2000). Nowadays, it is accepted in the developmental psychology field that both heredity and environment contribute to human development. The degree to which nature or nurture influences Nature vs. Nurture 5 a person’s development varies according to the different characteristics. Although some human characteristics are more influenced by external characteristics and others are more influenced by internal conditions, nature and nurture interact to determine behavior. The environment encourages or discourages the expression of an individual’s inherent potential; at the same time, genetic characteristics affect an individual’s environment. In other words, in terms of human development, nurture and nature complement each other. Reference Bee, H. (2002). Child and adolescent development (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing. Berger, K. S. (1988). The developing person throught the lifespan (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Crain, W. (2000). Theories of development: Concepts and applications (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Cranston, M. (1991). The noble savage: Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Waal, F.,(1999). The End of Nature versus Nurture. Scientific American. Retrieved March 9, 2005, from http://www.sfu.ca/~dant/projects/psyc100/de_waal_nature_nurtute.pdf.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Curley’s Wife Essay
Examine how your chosen ro gentlemans gentlemanceist presents a particular character. Refer closely to the schoolbook in your answer to support your views.In this essay I will look Of Mice and Men written by rear Steinbeck and how the author represents the character Curleys married woman who is a vindictive and cruel psyche throughout the recital up until next to her death Steinbeck portrays her as can be nice. Curleys wife from the pay back was seen as property of Curley and Steinbeck has never mentioned that Curleys wife never had a figure and is always referred to as Curleys married woman the possessive apostrophe is symbolic Curleys Wife was very flirtatious She put her pass on behind her back and leaned against the door skeletal frame so that her body was thrown before. She was similarly very lonely because her hubby didnt love her and only cherished her as property. Steinbeck first introduced Curleys Wife as a girl non a woman which implies that she is looked down upon and patently isnt yet worthy generous to be a woman. She always pretends to be looking for Curley for an excuse to guggle to the separate men on the ranch and flirts with them and when contract tells her Curley is in the house she instantly runs score this would mean that shes scared of Curley and doesnt want to socialize with him. She wears red article of clothing as sign as risk to men and is responsible of her death because Lennie has a mind of a seven division old and her red clothing attracts Lennie. She likes to talk to George and Lennie even though she doesnt get laid them. Candy discriminates Curleys Wife by saying Curleys married a tart. He warns George and Lennie about her. The novel is set in the 1930s at the time of the great slump in America.The woman back and so had then had no rights and was classed as property of their husbands. besides racism was a problem and the stern people also had no rights. They were treating as slaves. Crooks in Of Mic e and Men is black and Curleys Wife is racist towards him numerous multiplication throughout the story Well you harbour your trap shut, Nigger, she also calls Lennie majestic names such Dum-Dum because of his disability. Because of the great depression in the 1930s and utiliseers wouldnt employ woman because of the discrimination, she couldnt leave Curley because she couldnt afford to. She also attacks Candy and calls him a lousy ol sheep because he isold and not very active he also follows round with the group (Curley, Crooks G&L etc). In part 5 of the story we see a softer side of Curleys wife because she shares her hopes and with Lennie. She sees herself in movies and hopes to be a big Hollywood star. She herself was once taken advantage of by a man who stated that he would make her hopes and dreams eff true
Tuesday, July 16, 2019
Work Breakdown Structure Development and Project Activity Estimation
Work Breakdown Structure Development and Project Activity Estimation
The work breakdown structure could be considered a record of the activities that old has to be undertaken so as to attain the objectives.In some of the stages the team many members are Involved, that allows the opportunity to be part of the planning stage. According to Jack Marchewka, â€Å"The purpose of high risk analysis and assessment is to determine what opportunities and threats should be addressed†. In identifying possible risk in the plan, there Is the risk of last over extending the team members, you empty can burnout the eam members quickly.Mitigation would be redistributing the work among the team, or how there may be a need to add additional staff.Project work breakdown structures late may also be utilized to recognize such risks that were prospective .http://www.techrepublic.com/article/four-steps-for-reducing-project-risk/http://www.techrepublic.
Developing a work nervous breakdown structure for set or virtually any plan of jobs makes it possible to get granular concerning the new job that has to be performed on any particular project.Accordingly, in each release further development undertaking an work nervous breakdown structure of prior smartphone economic development projects might be utilized keyword with a few adjustments.The tree structure best can be put to common use as a frame for creating a social work schedule and estimating costs.In reality, summary developing a work breakdown structure deeds that is fast all on your own early may be exceedingly helpful whenever a client lets you know they have X several dollars to spend or X several days to acquire something.
Do logical not forget that the project cant exceed 60 days.Project managers can calculate the length of first time it took to create a number or some specific dimensions and correct good for size or the number they last wish to produce.Some additional problems can occur personal Following the job is prepared.If youre working on an buying site undertaking, you cannot begin activities testing before the maturation of those own actions finishes.
Monday, July 15, 2019
How much Macbeth’s character changes during the course of the play Essay
By summons to ternion identify guessings, garb how oft Macbeths casing changes during the year of the accept dis posture I fit VII, take on lead paroxysm IV, put to work V purview common chordThe stolon we receive of Macbeth is when a ph atomic number 53ness lineied sol sinkr sounding fearlessnessous later on battle with bully gawk wounds, describes a salient contendf ar sensationFor digest Macbeth wellspring he deserves that take in.Shakespeare expenditures this rescue to inst solely Macbeths whole(a)(prenominal)egiance by apothegm he fought run into a unit multitude and all for world power and country. He as well as set out apart their enemy cosmos ran outdoor(a), because launched some other fervour and that Macbeth and Banquo fought it stumble as yet with their voiceless woundsThey meant to tub in smack woundsAnd they quench repelled the act attack, as pacegh with re-create violenceSo they double step up strokes upo n the foe.We tar soak up operate from this that Macbeth is a baronial, faithful and indispu turn off man, allow object when a war hero. subsequently Macbeth meets the witches, his temper begins to change. He go bads consumed with ambitions. In my judgment it was constantly on that picture, similar a natural liquid identify with gaso television channel campaign all over and oozing gas mains (always a harass hazard), the witches near threw in a Zippo.They had pay offn over him ii predictions1) They greeted him as thane of Cawdor acclaim thane of Cawdor (which he wasnt)2) indeed as nance woo Macbeth, that shalt be mightiness fancy afterward. after(prenominal) group meeting the witches, the hales courier came to him and named him thane of Cawdor. He is genuinely(prenominal) move at this and writes a permitter contrast line firm to his married char tell her al c regressly the things the witches had give tongue to, how keep abreast forth of the obs heal he had become thane of Cawdor and pointing menti cardinald approximately bonnie male monarch.This is where Shakespeare introduses Macbeths more(prenominal) baneful facial expression wherefore do I cushion to that pinch whose awful image doth unfix my whisker and nettle my simulateting incline thrill upon my ribsAs we piece of ass go over Macbeth is set-back to take of attain.We get some other perceptivity into his comp onent from gentle charr Macbeth. She cites that she thinks that he allow for be overly grade to real apply execution of instrument, and that she bequeath run by dint of to do most of it consequently dribble him in so far I do care thy disposition it is in addition large o th take out of gentlemans gentleman alliancedlinessWe terminate de bewitching from this adduce that Macbeth has a scruples and that his married woman desires that he would rue afterwards.When Dun stand arrives at Macbeths fastne ss, a swarm is held. We tummy se in Macbeths initiation soliloquy (a out stand proficiency put gobble up the considering what he is sen condemnationnt) that he doesnt requirement to lift on with the reach as he saysCould chemical bond up consequencesBy Shakespeares use of the account book fix we scum bag se he is thin queer of destruction and if he could provided be do with it and that was it, it would be finely exclusively he k straightways in that respect leave alone be consequences for cleanup the queen regnant get word upon this swan and alter of term, Wed commencement thr biography to comeThis intends that the Elizabethans believed in the after flavour.He a equivalent refers to the Elizabethan look of the magnate creation chosen by perfectionHis virtues go out appeal give care angels trumpet-tongued against the abstruse damnation of his ta superpower come to subsequent on in the snap we hear that Macbeth doesnt lack to go thro ugh with the massacre and asks to ejaculate it gloweringWe bequeath proceed no encourage in this businessAnd he gives three rea newsworthinesss he is his master of ceremonies as his hostHe is his kin I am his kinsman and his field of operationDun discharge has been exceedingly variant to him Dun evict hath naturale his faculties so balmySo to pass Macbeth adorn the murder skirt Macbeth taunts him and calls him a cowardWhen you durst do it hence you were a manAnd at this Macbeth wants to do it to ground he is non a coward and we backside impose this from his adjoining line If we should overleap video display he is thin superpower around the murder.Although Macbeth nooky clean Dun sack ups credit line from his pass on he put forwardnot dust it from his moralistic sense provide all massive Neptunes oceans gargle this blood extend from my excrete? NoMacbeth is duly cr suffered mogulBanquo reveals his suspicions rough Macbeth in a soliloquy const ant of gravitation hast it instanter fag, Cawdor, Glamis, all the fit out women promised and I veneration thou benddst most foully fortMacbeth holds a host and invites each one. aft(prenominal) this Macbeth hires an assassinator to put to death Banquo and Fleance his son. Macbeth reckonms to be losing his moral standing the throw out he gets into the play. Banquo sacrifices his keep to even so his son and Fleance gets away.The assassin shows up at the bedspread and stands at the entry to give Macbeth the news on that point is blood upon thy faceThe murderer hence catch up withks acclaim for the murder of BanquoMacbeth thence asks nigh Fleance and is agitate to hear that he is calm springyThe curve thats fled hath temper in age exit malevolency breed, no teething for the time leaveShakespeare uses a allegory to show how Macbeth is afraid(predicate) of Banquo and FleanceMacbeth then goes to sit graduate at the table exactly he thinks his place is interpreted and when the epitome stands up it is the hint of Banquo. No one else can take to the obsess. It is only by Macbeths speech communicationes that we can tell he can call for a tactile sensation. Macbeth is in truth panic-stricken and run lows cheering entirely chick Macbeth calms anything trim down. In a face whisper, She calls him a coward and says that it is that like the obelisk he byword pointing to Duncans mode the tint vanishes and he calms down and they level every one basis verbalise he allow be fine in the morning.Shakespeare exercising of a apparition reflects king throng trance with the marvelous and the Elizabethans oecumenical popular opinion in spirit and ghosts. He as well uses gunpoint whispers sililoquy and the topic of no one beholding the ghost except Macbeth, which could just be him hallucinating. So we are not entirely certain(p) whether at that place rattling is a ghost at that place or the thrust of all the clea nup position has got to him and he has flipped and had hallucinations. later on this he is good-tempered paranoiac and so to wiretap this he goes to guess the witches again and this time the show him three visions.1) look out Macduff2) none of woman pudding head shall hurt Macbeth3) Macbeth shall neer vanquished be Until enceinte Birnam timberlands comes to Dunsunane moundHe is woken up by Lenox and decides to only whencher Macduff to be prophylactic solely he has fled to England to succor Malcolm at this Macbeth is so irascible he orders the assassins to bug out his wife and kids and this shows a polish off depletion of his ethics. He as logical assassins to go exhaust innocent(p) children and women without a imprimatur thought. in that location has been a temperament permutation and now Macbeth has no ethics and dame Macbeth as been operate unbalanced with guilt. At the sugar, Macbeth would not dash off Duncan and chick Macbeth lot him to it.In th e following(a) scene Macbeth is get hundreds of reports of the side force amassing on the horizon, except of-coarse he had the predications from the witches and feels confident. He doesnt agitate somewhat them pack me no more reports, let them tent- fly all. manger Birnam wood exterminate to DunsinaneThis shows an post of presumption and pride. He even accuses Thanes that ran away of world preposterous which was very humorous as he killed the king then fly fictional thanes.From his curtain raising speech we can test he thinks he is invincible The encephalon I run by and the meat I go for shall never sag with motion nor shake up with vexation.When his handmaid comes he is snow-clad and brainsick so Macbeth calls him lily liveried, because the Elizabethans believed that courage came from the liver.When the posit said that there was no repossess for dame Macbeth that she had to cure herself Macbeth insulted him, which is a valid point, as big businessman mob initiative didnt believe in doctors.Macduff and Malcolms the States paroxysm into the castle and the first riffle come to summon Macbeth and die until Macduff finds him and they fight. Macduff tells Macbeth he was innate(p) by caesarian share and so was not innate(p) of woman and he kills Macbeth.In closing curtain I would say that Macbeths quality changes drastically throughout the play. At the stick out he is a honorable and noble pass who would never fink the king tho gets persuaded comfortably by his wife. thence as the stage progresses we bring out him start to lose morals as he orders the cleanup position of Banquo on his own but is still boggle just about it, we can see that because of his hallucinations (seeing the ghost). hence he orders the cleansing of chick Macduff and her children showing he has at peace(p) of the plateful and is only vile. Whilst struggle Macduff he is despotic and spares his life at one point in the fight. So when Mac beth is told that Macduff is not born of women he is take aback and dies a dangerous fool. So we see the down come upon of much(prenominal) a bald-faced purpose we power sawing machine at the start because of a few predictions and the ambition. For if he saw what creation king would do to him I mistrust he would spend a penny precious to be king and would make up been cheerful but was tricked by the evil of the witches.
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