Anna Quindlen Essay -- essays research papers

Rhetorical Analysis Anna Quindlen describes in the essay Abortion is too Complex to Feel one sort About the different situation that we as a human race are put in everyday. She talks about the topic of abortion in a way that one tactual sensations they feature had to make the decision of whether or not a person is pro-choice or pro-life. She uses references that are of different personalised experiences in the essay that are vital to the audience. Quindlen is writing to state her point that one should never put their self in this situation because one should dupe the proper responsibility. In this paper you will read about the conflict with abortion and what Quindlen thinks about this numeral. The author presents an interesting outlook on a vapourisable issue that has plagued or country for years. She appears to be voicing her opinion in an effort to bring reason and clarity to a confusing and emotional topic. To do this Quindlen uses personal experiences along with practica l real life experiences. By using these different types of strategies Quindlen is able to achieve a greater influence over her audience.The base purpose portrayed through Quindlens writing is the complete and all-encompassing celebration of life. Quindlen is not supporting or denying a womens right to learn whether or not she should have an abortion. Here we find a sole go crying out to the masses. Those who have not been placed in such a predicament and are confronted with someone who has seen or experienced both cheeks of the issue and is seemingly trying to encourage these young people to think sagely about the main issue that is being confronted. Her primary purpose is proven to be true because of the strategies that she uses.Quindlen uses different strategies in her essay to try and persuade her audience. She uses her voice indirectly rather than directly when talking about the personal experience of abortion. At the beginning of the essay she talks about how she was a co unselor in a college dormitory. And she says it was always the look on their faces that told me first(627). She has had so many girls come talk to her about the decision that they do not even have to say anything to her any more. With Quindlen being a freshman guidance counselor and witnessing what these girls are experiencing says this causes her to become pro-choic... ...e essay she says but I dont feel all one way about abortion anymore, and I dont think it serves a just cause to pretend that many of us do(629). This quote lets the reader identify with it being okay to feel conflicted about abortion. It seems that often people feel they have to choose sides in the abortion debate. However, Quindlen allows her audience to find comfort and acceptance and not really knowing what they would do if ever faced with this decision. She uses a balance of real life examples that she has experienced and witnessed. Most of her examples touch the reader deep down inside so that they are left feeling as if they were a fly on the breakwater when these things were going on.At the end of the day where has Quindlen left the issue? She leaves it seemingly where it should stayin the heart of those affected by it. This is a personal issue that needs to be taken seriously according to Quindlen. After having lived through many different sides of this issue she appears to still have no one side that she is partial to. She is celebrating life however she shows great empathy and compassion for all who may make a decision to not go ahead with bringing a life into the world.

Lessons on Divorce :: essays research papers

Divorce, of Course, of CourseBridget Burke Ravizza wrote the article, Selling Ourselves on the Marriage Market and is an assistant professor of religious studies at St. Norbert College, De Pere, WI. after talking with an unnamed free radical of college students, she discovers that These college students have grown up in a society in which nearly half of all marriages end in divorce. She also reveals they are dreaded that their future marriages will go down that path, and some question whether lifelong commitment canor shouldbe made at all. Furthermore, Ravizza finds that students are bombarded with messages close to sexuality and relationshipsindeed messages about themselvesthat seem to undermine authentic relationships. Simply put, culture has accepted divorce as a normal thing and has already begun to affect the next generations. The surveyed students are so fearful of divorce, they are, in essence, afraid of marriage as well. They even go to the extreme of avoiding divorce by look they may not get married at all to prevent the undermining of an authentic relationship. The fact of the matter is, as the polled students infer, that half (if not more) married couples do get a divorce in todays society. Whether or not this unfortunate trend will continue down through the undermentioned generation is a theory yet to be proven, though it would make sense. The article is missing a few necessary citations, however. I noticed no reference given as to whom Rachel Greenwald is or what her expertise are in relation to the subject. She is simply referred to by her best-selling book, Find a Husband After 35 Using What I Learned at Harvard Business School. Likewise, the theologian Paul Wadell is referred to by nothing other than his book Becoming Friends Worship, Justice and the implement of Christian Friendship. Also, the poll discussion with the college students at the beginning of the article is not given a source or from what part of the country the college was l ocated. I chalk up with the articles thesis. Divorce has slowly seeped its way into the normal way of life and is running rampant through our country and Americans have become damp and desensitized to its abhorrence. Unfortunately, it is becoming more and more prominent and society equates this as normal. The Funk and Wagnalls Dictionary defines divorce as the Dissolution of a marriage bail by legal process or by accepted custom.

Essay --

Explaining Consciousness Provides Physicalism With Challenges That Place Limits On Scientific Knowledge, And What It Can Uncover About ConsciousnessConsciousness is one of those topics that are in the position of trying to understand ones own organism with ones own organism. The topic of consciousness is so elusive that it mirrors peasant hood games of trying to catch your own shadow. In the World of philosophy, discerning the truth about consciousness is no childish game. Materialist J.J.C Smart and philosopher Thomas Nagel see to it that qualia exist, but are diametrically opposed when it comes to what consciousness is. In this paper I will argue for Nagels point of view that consciousness locomote outside the nucleus of scientific story. Physicalism cannot objectively uncover consciousness using scientific methods because consciousness cannot be reduced to material parts. If Smarts reductionist view points were correct, where as physics can explain all there is to know about e verything in the universe, then why does consciousness attend to evade physical laws of investigation? Explaining consciousness provides physicalism with challenges that place limits on scientific knowledge, and what it can uncover about consciousness. J.J.C Smart proposes that a scientific explanation of consciousness must fall with in universal physical laws. Furthermore, if science could not explain consciousness within scientific laws, than we would have a business called a nomological dangler. For Smart, this is unbelievable. It would seem that this move by Smart is one based on scientific bias. The nature of consciousness rests in the experience of the first soulfulness account, and if philosophy of mind is to have a complete scientific knowledge of the... ...the sense that they are easily detectable. Physically looking for something that does not have a physical structure is like trying to get rid of the left by going to the right side. Ultimately, science is looking in t he wrong snap because it cannot by default take into consideration first person quotes. In conclusion, it is very difficult to come up with scientific solutions to the problem of consciousness. Science whitethorn never be able to solve the mysteries of qualia. New methods might need to be introduced to uncover personal experience that lie far off in the future. Philosophers will just need to continue in their search for a complete theory of a science of mind. In addition, humility within the sciences whitethorn go along way towards an understanding of consciousness. We do not know what consciousness means outside the frame of personality- Albert Einstein

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay example -- Health, Medici

Introduction In recent years, there has been an increasing recreate in complementary medicine, and indeed alternate(a) medicine (Lee-Treweek 2002, Andrews 2004, Barry 2006). Moreover the number of tradeally trained therapist and practitioners has increased giving the patient/client a better choice and at more competitive rates (Smallwood, 2005).In this essay a critical assessment of the view that patients use of complementary and alternative medicine, can be understood as part of the individualisation of responsibility for health will be made and argued, that there are many aspects which find out the uptake of such(prenominal) therapies. Responsibility for health has changed and this will be discussed by examples of sociological theories. Medical sociologists have been previously concerned with illness rather than health. Functionalists such as Parsons (1951) suggested illness was a deviance and had the effect of disruption on society which had to be controlled. He used the throw note to illustrate that the sick person was excused from performing normally, but this had to be kept to a minimum and the sick person had to want to get better. The function of the medical profession was to socially control the use of the sick note to those genuinely sick (Webb, Westergaard, 2004). til now in today society the on the job(p) person aims to keep working during some illnesses or at least limit the time spent away from work. To do this it involves taking some responsibility for keeping healthy and cut the time actually being ill. Therefore by choosing to use CAM and alternative medicine, it could provide an additional method which may combat illness and help f number up recovery (Lett, 2000). 08015960Possible reasons why patient/clie... ...t approach of dictating the direction the Nation Health Service should follow. This caused a vast change in how service were delivered, with cost influencing many decisions. Clinical governance emerged in the late 1990s when New Labour took power, and evidence based practise became the norm. Netteleton (2010) likens clinical governance to Foucaults term of governmentality whereby collective objectives are kept in check. Evidence- based practise is an aspect that has been the most difficult for CAM and alternative practises to combine with, as measuring and assembly quality evidence is difficult to obtain. The integration into conventional health care will depend upon finding a balance between the two disciplines. However if individualism proves to favour CAM and alternative methods then social pressure may yield quicker than the academic struggle.

The Democratization of Monsters as Characters :: Monsters Literature Novels Essays

The Democratization of Monsters as Characters Proportion and distortion are non just irrelevant to monstrosity. Monsters are not weird or wrong versions of ideal forms, and the monstrous is not that which violates the rules of the game or calls boundaries and order into question. There are no necessary narratives that are unavoidably reacted to (making it just a question of how). At the same time, this is not an anarchist thesis. At one level, monstrosity is obviously that which is called monstrous. However, there must be something similarly it. Right? Ways of writing, reading, or thinking monstrosity enact monstrosity, just as an eras critics often embody their culture better than the companionship they critique. What is interesting instead is how to react to monstrosity in its face today. Proportion is certainly not the issue. Pro portions look for portion and then compare them, without pass criteria for comparison. Elementary definitions of si mile and metaphor are not instructive in this regard. A simile is a metaphor with like or as, and two are comparisons, but comparisons are acts or statements of comparing. To compare is to describe as similar, equal, or analogous. First, similar government agency resembling but not identical, and alike direction having close resemblance which is the state or quality of exhibiting similarity or likeness too. Second, equal means having the same measure or value. Same means being the very one, identical which means being the same, exactly equal, or just indistinguishable and so interchangeable. Third, analogous means similar or alike in such a way as to permit the drawing of an analogy, and analogy means similar in some respects or a comparison based on such similarity1. The whole batch of words that try to explain comparison end up relying on the exhibiting of similarity to come from the object, measurement to be intrinsic to the object, interchangeability to be possible b y inability to distinguish, and objects with respects that can be the previous things. order of battle is not a one way street by which objects strike passive actors. Equal means having the same measurement.

The Democratization of Monsters as Characters :: Monsters Literature Novels Essays

The Democratization of Monsters as Characters Proportion and distortion argon not just irrelevant to junky. Monsters are not weird or wrong versions of rarified forms, and the monstrous is not that which violates the rules of the game or calls boundaries and order into question. There are no necessary narratives that are inevitably reacted to (making it just a question of how). At the same time, this is not an anarchist thesis. At one level, monstrosity is obviously that which is called monstrous. However, there must be something too it. Right? Ways of writing, reading, or idea monstrosity enact monstrosity, just as an eras critics often embody their culture better than the society they critique. What is interesting instead is how to react to monstrosity in its face today. Proportion is certainly not the issue. Pro portions look for portion and then compare them, without offering criteria for comparison. Elementary definitions of simile and metapho r are not instructive in this regard. A simile is a metaphor with like or as, and both are comparisons, but comparisons are acts or statements of comparing. To compare is to describe as similar, equal, or analogous. First, similar centre alike but not identical, and alike means having close resemblance which is the state or quality of exhibiting similarity or likeness too. Second, equal means having the same measure or value. Same means being the very one, identical which means being the same, exactly equal, or just indistinguishable and so interchangeable. Third, analogous means similar or alike in such a room as to permit the drawing of an analogy, and analogy means similar in some respects or a comparison based on such similarity1. The whole batch of words that try to explain comparison end up relying on the exhibiting of similarity to come from the object, measurement to be intrinsic to the object, interchangeability to be possible by inability to distinguish, and obj ects with respects that can be the previous things. Exhibition is not a one bearing street by which objects strike passive actors. Equal means having the same measurement.

Return to Normalcy Essay

Return to Normalcy United States presidential candidate Warren G. Hardings campaign promise in the election of 1920. Doc 7 Muscle Shoals famous for its contributions to American popular music in the 1920s. Doc 24 option of 1924 Republican Calvin Coolidge wins election by a landslide. Doc 11 Federal Farm Board created in 1929, before the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, 1929, but its powers were later enlarged to meet the economic crisis farmers faced during the Great Depression.It was established by the Agricultural Marketing Act to stabilize prices and to move on the sale of agricultural products. The board would help farmers stabilize prices by holding surplus grain and cotton in storage. Doc 7 Theodore Dreiser an American novelist and diary keeper of the naturalist school. His novels often featured main characters that succeeded at their objectives despite a lack of a firm moral code, and literary situations that more closely correspond studies of nature than tales of choice and agency. Dreisers best known novels include Sister Carrie (1900) and An American Tragedy (1925).Doc 3 T. S. Eliot a publisher, playwright, literary and social novice and arguably the most important English-language poet of the twentieth century. Although he was born an American, he moved to the United Kingdom in 1914 (at age 25) and was naturalized as a British subject in 1927 at age 39. Doc 1 Fundamentalists The demand for a strict adherence to specific theological doctrines usually take downstairsstand as a reaction against Modernist theology, combined with a vigorous attack on outside threats to their religious culture.The term fundamentalism was originally coined by its supporters to describe a specific package of theological beliefs that developed into a movement within the Protestant community of the United States in the early part of the 20th century, and that had its root in the FundamentalistModernist Controversy of that time. Doc 20 Billy Sunday an American athlete who, later being a popular outfielder in baseball games National League during the 1880s, became the most celebrated and influential American evangelistduring the first two decades of the 20th century.enthalpy Ford Model T- an automobile that was produced by Henry Fords Ford Motor Company from September 1908 to October 1927. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common materialistic American some of this was because of Fords innovations, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting. (23) flappers- a new breed of young horse opera women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior.Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, hotheaded automobiles and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms. (8,9,14,22) Harlem R enaissance- a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s and 1930s. At the time, it was known as the New Negro Movement, named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York metropolis, many French-speaking black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance.3) Marcus Garvey- a Jamaican publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). He founded the Black Star Line, part of the Back-to-Africa movement, which promoted the return of the African Diaspora to their ancestral lands. (10) Charles Lindbergh- an American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist.As a 25-year-old U. S.Air Mail pilot Lindbergh emerged suddenly from practical(prenominal) obscurity to instan taneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize-winning solo non-stop flight on May 2021, 1927, made from Roosevelt FieldN 1 located in Garden City on New Yorks Long Island to Le Bourget Field in Paris, France. (5,21) Twenty-One Demands- a laid of demands made by the Empire of Japan under Prime Minister Okuma Shigenobu sent to the nominal government of the Republic of China on January 18, 1915, resulting in two treaties with Japan on May 25, 1915. 5531. 751. 5 naval ratio- after World War I, many nations became concerned about the threat of another war and the possibility of an accouterments race.To address these issues in the naval arena, in 1922, Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy gestural the Five Powers Treaty at the Washington Conference. In the treaty, the powers agreed to a 5531. 751. 75 ratio of naval tonnage and restrictions with regard to new building of both ships and bases. Young Plan- a program for settlement of German reparations debts a fter World War I written in 1929 and mental strainally adopted in 1930.It was presented by the committee headed (192930) by American Owen D. Young. The reparations, set in January 1921 by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission at 269 billion gold marks (the equivalent of around 100,000 tonnes of pure gold) were deliberately crushing. Teapot Dome Scandal- a bribery happening that took place in the United States in 19221923, during the administration of chairwoman Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome and two other locations to private oil companies at low range without competitive bidding. doc 24 Secy. of the Treasury Mellon (tax cuts)- Mellon came into office with a aim of reducing the huge federal debt from World War I.To do this, he needed to increase the federal revenue and cut spending. He believed that if the tax rates were too high, then the people would try to avoid paying them. He observed that as tax ra tes had increased during the first part of the 20th century, investors moved to avoid the highest rates by choosing tax-free municipal bonds, for instance. (doc 15 Progressive Party- was an American political party.It was formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after a split in the Republican Party between himself and President William Howard Taft. The Lost Generation- is a term used to refer to the generation, actually a cohort, that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, The Sun Also Rises. (doc 9, Doc 13 Ernest Hemingway A valedictory to Arms- a semi-autobiographical novel written by Ernest Hemingway concerning events during the Italian campaigns during the First World War.The book, which was first published in 1929, is a first-person account of American Frederic Henry, serving as a Lieutenant (Tenente) in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army. The title is taken from a poem by 16th-century English dramatist George Peele. (doc 13 prohibition Volstead Act- proscribe the production, sale, and transport of intoxicating liquors, it did not define intoxicating liquors or provide penalties.It granted both the federal government and the states the power to enforce the ban by appropriate legislation. A bill to do so was introduced in Congress in 1919. (Doc 2 Immigration Acts (1921, 1924)- was a United States federal law that trammel the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890, down from the 3% cap set by the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, according to the Census of 1890. doc 11, doc 17 Scopes Trial- was a landmark American legal case in 1925 in which high school science appriseer, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessees Butler Act which made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school. (Doc 1 The J azz Singer (Doc 7)- is a 1927 American musical film. The first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences, its flex heralded the commercial ascendance of the talkies and the decline of the silent film era. Produced by Warner Bros. with its Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, the movie stars Al Jolson, who performs six songs.The New Woman (Doc 22)- was a feminist archetype that emerged in the late 19th century. The New Woman pushed the limits set by male-dominated society, especially as modeled in the plays of Norwegian Henrik Ibsen (18281906). The New Woman sprang to the full armed from Ibsens brain, according to a joke by Max Beerbohm (18721956). Langston Hughes (Doc. 3)- was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form jazz poetry.Hughes is best known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance. Pan-African Movement (Document 10)- is a movement that seeks to uni fy African people or people living in Africa, into a one African community Differing types of Pan-Africanism seek different levels of economic, racial, social, or political unity. Spirit of St. Louis (Doc 21)- is the custom-built, single engine, single-seat monoplane that was flown solo by Charles Lindbergh on May 2021, 1927, on the first non-stop flight from New York to Paris for which Lindbergh won the $25,000 Orteig Prize.Washington Naval Conference(NA)- also called the Washington Arms Conference, was a military conference called by President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations. Dawes Plan(NA)- was an attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem, which had bedeviled supranational politics, in the wake of the Ruhr occupation and the hyperinflation crisis.It provided for the Allies to collect war reparations debt from Germany. Intended as an i nterim measure, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. Kellogg-Briand Treaty(NA)- agreement, signed Aug. 27, 1928, condemning recourse to war for the solution of international controversies. It is more properly known as the Pact of Paris. In June, 1927, Aristide Briand, foreign minister of France, proposed to the U. S. government a treaty outlawing war between the two countries.

Get Prepared My Speech Essay

Regarding our introduction speech as my first formal one in front of the class, I felt so awkward that I forgot every details which we should pay tutelage to. First is the Eye Contact. There was a signifier of hook that I cant control myself from moving my sights out of the back row, where our professor sat. The second Delivery part is Vocal Pause which was my near serious issue during all the speech. Words just went out of my mind since I wrote my elevate on the board. I was a little unaware when my name was called on the second because I preferred the third place so that I got ample time to calm down and organized sentences. Every forwardness I did was showing randomly in my head. For example, my personal considerations on how tough will a military mission be had appeared first rather than an provoke getter. Some details I added to make a rich description became a simple word, not including some parts I even forgot to say.The exsert issue is about Body language that it may help audiences to know where the person in the speech is. Thanked for the outlines paper so that I knew where I should purge my hands on. I was easily lost my minds but caught up on time by fingering which line I would read next. By recollecting fragments of my speech, I keep telling myself it would be better if I performed in that way. An interesting beginning, more eye contacts or less pause while I was expressing. solely the problems I mentioned above is because I didnt realize there was more nervousness than I expected. In another words, I didnt rehearse enough to conquer that as Ronald B. and George states, A smooth and natural delivery is the result of extensive practice. Get to know your material until you feel comfortable with your presentation (page 342). by and by switched to a listener, contents were not the only part that attracted me but how different they performed from mine. By observing their moves, their body languages were perfectly coordinated with the rhythm of presentations. It became a chew out like he or she was introducing a friend of his or her to you instead of reading a research paper. About the cadence they spoke, the variable tone caught my attention all the time and I couldnt wait to know what was on the next.I confessed that I am the selective listener who responds only to the parts of a speakers remarks that interested me. With those changing tones and plentiful body languages, the contents were easily understood and appealing. I am very pleased to be enrolled in this class to figure out what is my weakness and how I can beat them to be a qualified speaker.Works CitiedAdler, Ronald B. and Rodman, George. Understanding Human Communication with Carrie Cropley Hutchinson, eleventh edition. Print.

The Five Sense Organs in Human Beings

The Five Sense Organs in Human Beings The soul organs eyes, atrial auricles, saliva, skin, and perfume help to protect the body. The human sense organs charter receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous system. Each sense organ contains different receptors. General receptors atomic number 18 found throughout the body because they are presend in skin, visceral organs (visceral meaning in the abdominal cavity), muscles, and joints. Special receptors include chemoreceptors (chemical receptors) found in the mouth and nose, photoreceptors (light receptors) found in the eyes, and mechanoreceptors found in the ears. Oooh, that smell Olfaction Olfactory cells line the top of your impecunious cavity. On one end, olfactory cells have cilia hair-like attachments that project into the nasal cavity. On the other end of the cell, are olfactory bosom fibers, which pass through the ethmoid bone and into the olfactory myelin. Th e olfactory bulb is directly attached to the cerebral cortex of your brain.As you breathe, anything that is in the air that you take in enters your nasal cavity hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, dust, pollen, chemicals. You acceptt smell air or dust or pollen, but you crapper smell chemicals. The olfactory cells are chemoreceptors, which message the olfactory cells have protein receptors that can get a line subtle differences in chemicals. The chemicals bind to the cilia, which generate a face nerve impulse that is carried through the olfactory cell, into the olfactory nerve fiber, up to the olfactory bulb and to your brain. Your brain determines what you are smelling.If you are sniffing something that you havent experienced before, you need to use another sense, such as taste or sight, to make an take shape in your brains memory. Mmm, mmm, good Taste The senses of smell and taste work c sustainly together. If you cannot smell something, you cannot taste it, either. Taste buds on y our tongue contain chemoreceptors that work in a similar fashion to the chemoreceptors in the nasal cavity. However, the chemoreceptors in the nose will detect any kind of smell, whereas there are four different types of taste buds, and each detects different types of tastes sweet, sour, bitter, and salty.A common misconception is that the minute bumps on your tongue are the taste buds. As with all misconceptions, this idea is wrong, too. The little bumps on your tongue are called papillae, and the taste buds actually lie down in the grooves between each papilla. Foods contain chemicals, and when you put something into your mouth, the taste buds in your tongue can detect what chemicals you are ingesting. Each taste bud has a pore at one end with microvilli sticking out of the pore, and sensory nerve fibers attached to the other end.Chemicals from food bind to the microvilli, generating a nerve impulse that is carried through the sensory nerve fibers and eventually to the brain. Now hear this Sound The ear not only is the organ of hearing, but it also is responsible for maintaining equilibrium or balance. To maintain equilibrium, the ear must detect suit. To hear, the ear must serve to mechanical stimulation by sound waves. The outer ear is the external opening to the ear canal. Sound waves are shuttled through the ear canal to the mettle ear. The eardrum sets the mechanics in motion 1.When a sound wave hits the eardrum, the eardrum moves tiny bones the malleus, incus, and stapes which subsequently move. 2. This movement is picked up by the mechanoreceptors in the inner ear, which exist on hair cells containing cilia between the end of the semicircular canals and the vestibule. 3. When the cilia move, the cells create an impulse that is sent through the cochlea to the eighth cranial nerve, which carries the impulse to the brain. 4. The brain then interprets the information as a specific sound. The fluid within the semicircular canals of the inner ear mov es, and that movement is ultimately detected by the cilia.When the fluid doesnt stop moving, you can develop motion sickness. The cilia transmit impulses to the brain about angular and rotational movement, as well as movement through vertical and horizontal planes, which helps your body to keep its balance. Seeing is believing Sight When you look at an eye, the iris is the colored part. The iris actually is a pigmented muscle that controls the size of the pupil, which dilates to al utter more light into the eye or contracts to allow less light into the eye. The iris and pupil are covered by the cornea. Behind the pupil is an anterior chamber.Behind the anterior chamber is the crystalline lens. The ciliary body contains a small muscle that connects to the lens and the iris. The ciliary muscle changes the shape of the lens to adjust for far or near vision. The lens flattens to see farther away, and it becomes rounded for near vision. The process of changing the shape of the lens is c alled accommodation. People lose the ability of accommodation as they grow older, prompting the need for glasses. Behind the lens of the eye is the vitrified body, which is filled with a gelatinous material called vitreous humor.This substance gives shape to the eyeball and also transmits light to the very back of the eyeball, where the retina lies. The retina contains photoreceptors, which detect light. Two types of sensors detect light Rods detect motion. The rods work harder in low light. Cones detect fine detail and color. The cones work best in bright light. There are three types of cones one that detects blue, one that detects red, and one that detects green. Color cecity occurs when one type of cone is lacking. When light strikes the rods and cones, nerve impulses are generated.The impulse travels to two types of neurons first to bipolar cells and then to ganglionic cells. The axons of ganglionic cells form the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries the impulse directly to the brain. Approximately 150 million rods are in a retina, but only 1 million ganglionic cells and nerve fibers are there, which means that many more rods can be stimulated than there are cells and nerve fibers to carry the impulses. Your eye must combine messages before the impulses are sent to the brain. A touchy-feely subject TouchThe skin contains general receptors. These receptors can detect touch, pain, pressure, and temperature. Throughout your skin, you have all four of these receptors interspersed. Skin receptors generate an impulse when activated, which is carried to the spinal anesthesia cord and then to the brain. The skin is not the only tissue in the body to have receptors, however. Your organs, which are made of tissues, also have receptors. Joints, ligaments, and tendons contain proprioceptors, which detect the position and movement of the limbs.

Green Transportation System For Sustainable Campus Environmental Sciences Essay

Green raptus or sust ainable deportation refers to the any infiltrate which does non affect non-renewable energy and produces little harmful impact to the environment. For case, going and cycling, green vehicles, auto pooling, theodolite oriented development, human-powered exaltation, renewable energy go across or alternate handing over, and other signifiers of protecting conveyance strategy that atomic number 18 less dismiss consume, infinite efficiency, low cost, and advance legal animation style.The term green conveyance came into usage as the connection is turning involvement in the becomes of sustainable development that aims to run into the craves of the present without compromising the ability of future multiplications to run into their ain needs. ( DESA,1999 ) . It used to depict manners of conveyance, and governing bodys of conveyance planning, which argon much focal point on environmental concerns. Besides, there are many definitions of green conveyan ce, and some related term much(prenominal) as sustainable mobility. One such definition, from the European Union Council of Ministers of Transport, sustainable go done mean Allows the basic entree and development ingests of persons, companies and society to be met safely and in a mode reconciled with human and ecosystem wellness, and promotes equity within and between conse apologizeive coevalss.Is Low-cost, operates reasonably and expeditiously, offers a pick of conveyance manner, and supports a agonistical economic system, every bit good as balanced regional development.Limits emanations and waste within the planet s ability to absorb them, uses renewable resources at or below their rates of coevals, and uses non-renewable resources at or below the rates of development of renewable replacements, while minimising the impact on the usage of land and the coevals of noise. ( 2001 8 )The constructs of green conveyance were developed before the phrase was invented. The first type of conveyance is walking and which likewise is the just about sustainable. After the innovation of cave in coach by Blaise Pascal in 1662, the public conveyance day of the months back. ( Alfred, 2008 ) . Continue with the increased wealth during the station war old ages which brought a demand for greater mobility for human and goods. However, public investing in walking and bicycling declined dramatically in the Great Britain, United States, and Australasia although this did non happen to the same extent in mainland Europe or Canada. ( Pucher, J. & A Dijkstra, L. ,2003 ) ( Transportation Research Board, 2001 ) . When the crisis of oil and energy during 1973 and 1979, focal point on the sustainability of this attack became wide of the markspread. The restriction and increasing monetary think of of discharges led to a revival of involvement in options to individual tenancy vehicle travel.A survey by the United States Federal Highway judicial system ( 2004 ) which release in 2004 concluded that an of import constituent of overall national conveyance scheme need a more than proactive attack to transit demand. A sustainable conveyance system exists to release economic connexion and societal, and people hurry pick up the chances by increased mobility. The increased mobility is good, precisely we need to weigh its advantages from the facet of societal, economic cost, and environmental that conveyance system poses. Transportation system has high environmental impact, accounting for between 20 % and 25 % of initiation energy ingestion and C dioxide emanations. ( World Energy Council, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to the interrogation, the petrol emanations from conveyance which contribute to the nursery consequence are increasing at a faster rate comparison to other energy utilizing sector ( U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 2002 ) .Therefore, a proper conveyance planning is mandatory. A sustainable transit system must supply handiness and mobility to societ y in environmental friendly manner of conveyance. This is a hard undertaking when the demands and demands of people with opposite income are frequently conflicting. For illustration, if most people are non attempt to hold their ain vehicle or non attempt to utilize public conveyance, they bring on to either walk or sit bike to work. Construct another safe substructure for walkers and riders may necessitate the separation of route infinite from motorized occupation or bring down down the velocities of vehicles. Both steps could obey in curtailing mobility of auto users.Similarly, steps to cut down air pollution at the same clothe may conflict with those needed for decrease in route accidents. For case, increases the mean velocities of vehicle may cut down the emanations gas but may ensue in increasing the accident rates. Furthermore, most of the authorities policy stemss and public treatments on transit are more concern about the air pollution. Peoples experience upon the we llness job owing to pollution are as worthy of public action whereas those due to accidents job as owing to single errors. As a consequence, most of the policy paperss covering with sustainable development ever include options for pollution decrease.In pattern green conveyance is more fuel efficient, but however in comparing with some standard vehicles. It still leave lend to traffic congestion and route clangs. Although there energise a batch of conveyance picks with really low environmental impact such as human-powered vehicles and other animate being powered conveyance, but the most park conveyance picks with the least environmental impact are cycling and walking. By taking to walk or bicycle, it help to cut down nursery gas emanations, increased wellness benefits from a more active life style, and a decrease in the happening of respiratory complaints associated with hapless air quality. ( The City of bread s Official Tourism site, 2010 )1.2 Problem StatementPresents, progre ss logistics is a critical nexus in the conveyance system. They have increased the efficiency, cost, and dependability facets of our facets of our bringing system consist of terminal supply concatenation. However, the environmental impact that cause by the visual aspect of transit toward the high fuel ingestion, noise pollution, gradual accommodation from the motion of quiver, and the accident is now at the serious degree of the sustainability issue have been identified to come into harmony terdepan argument globally.Many people conceptualize in the theory of peak oil, which mean that there is a certain point in clip when our oil production allow treetop out, and so fall into sudden diminution. But clocking that extremum is hard at the best. Some experts believe that gasolene and Diesel fuels will still play a major function by twelvemonth 2050 ( World Energy Councils, 2007 ) , but their biofuel part will be important and we are now at the twilight old ages of fossil fuels production. Other experts we might hold every bit many as hundred old ages before peak oil occurs. Whether we are traveling to run out of oil or non is non the chief issue. As we know, fossil fuel is non renewable and we are traveling to run out in someday.Do we necessitate to travel to more alien energy transition engineering ( fuel cell vehicles? ) , or can fall ining fuel belongingss further permit us to go on utilizing burning engines to power our vehicles? Besides taking S, should at that place be less aromatic in fuels? Should aromatics be eliminated? What fuel belongingss can still be improved in gasolene and Diesel? Is there a function for oxygenates in gasolene and Diesel? Can we and should we cut down our dependence on rough oil for transit energy? Does intermixing oxygenates in fuels help or impede in accomplishing the environmental ends?To worsen the offer of affairs, i know that around 250,000 new conveyance enter Malaysian roads manually, and the public conveyance i s nil to shout approximately. This figure had increased the traffic jam job in Malaysia. The traffic jams can impact the socio-economy of the state. Every 24 hours, traffic jam cost the state in term of clip, environmental pollution, and wasted energy. Other than that, it causes emphasiss which indirectly increase the unwellnesss of our society.1.3 Research aimThe purposes of this research are toExplore the sustainable conveyance which is safe, economically feasible, socially acceptable to people, topographic points, goods and go in campus.Study / summary current transit system of University Malaya.Recommend the usage of cycling / walking as a feasible Green conveyance in University Malaya.1.4 Research QuestionBased on my research survey, I will be able to reply the inquiries as followersWhat is green transit system?What are the policies that should be integrate to accomplish sustainability in campus?What is the most suited conveyance for a pupil?Why pupils neer consider to walk or bicycle in campus?Who should responsible to the environmental impact of the transit?Who are involved in carry out the green conveyance?Why green transit systems play a important function in campus?1.5 Literature reappraisalIt is progressively apparent that modern life styles in flush societies, and the mobility behaviour associated with such life styles, are non consistent with the protection of environmental quality, the efficient usage of resources, and the publicity of societal coherence and merely distributions of chances and costs of utilizing transport systems. ( Donaghy, Rudinger, Poppelreuter, 2004 ) .There is now wide understanding in the universe that present tendencies in conveyance are non sustainable. Many bookmans have concluded that cardinal alterations in engineering, design, operation, and funding are needed. The construct of sustainability every bit good as the environmental impacts, energy ingestion and equity issues caused by conveyance are discussed.Many metr opoliss confronting such common jobs as traffic jam, traffic pollution on environment, and low efficiency of using traffic resources. From Lu, Wang, and Shen ( 2003 ) sentiments, it is a necessary pick and ultimate aim to build the urban sustainable transit system. Hence, the intension and the manner to build the sustainable transit system, the system of policy and steps to recognize the aim are scantly analyzed. But their paper merely bases on this job, discusses the construct of the sustainable development, the sustainable development of conveyance, the impact factors of the sustainable transit system, the manner, policy and steps to recognize the nonsubjective, and so on.Liu ( 2003 ) and margin call ( 2006 ) adjust green conveyance as the key to construct healthy and sustainable conveyance system. Likewise, Batterbury ( 2004 ) reference that a cardinal component of sustainable development in metropoliss is the execution of more effectual, less polluting, and just transit. The n ucleus of green conveyance is expansibility of resource, environment and system. We should understand the dealingss among conveyance system development, resource and environment from strategically positions. Harmonizing by Liu ( 2003 ) , green conveyance means non merely internal conveyance system optimisation and exterior harmoniousness, but in addition high and sustainable efficiency.As the universe s population additions and its resources remain changeless, there is a demand to turn to the sustainability of transit systems. Linda and Robert ( 2004 ) see the go oning addition in the usage and denseness of cars ( more vehicles with fewer people in them going greater distances over proportionately shorter roads ) in relation to transit sustainability and quality of life.Barbara ( 1999 ) defined a sustainable transit system as one in which fuel ingestion, vehicle emanations, safety, congestion, and societal and economic entree are of such degrees that they can be preserve into the indefinite hereafter without doing great or irreparable injury to future coevalss of people throughout the universe. On the other manus, Litman ( 2007 ) defined that sustainable transit system is one which allows the basic entree demands of persons and societies to be met safely and in a mode consistent with human and ecosystem wellness, and with equity within and between coevalss.Based on Yin and Li ( 2009 ) research, in order to construct a friendly environment and salvage resources, therefore to supply a transit system that is sensible in travel distance, sustainable in average construction, and effectual in services is needed.Ge, Wang, Deng ( 2004 ) , Jiang, Guo ( 2009 ) , and Lu, Gao ( 1999 ) stated that twenty-first century is an environment protection century and environmental issues top all the jobs of metropolis development in the new epoch, so metropolis transit development must lodge to the rule of environment protection, and see develop pollution-free green transit as its basic policy and end. In their documents, both of them had discussed the of import of green transit and it relationship with sustainable development.A research worker, Song ( 2006 ) found that there are many failing in nowadays traffic scheduling, we should convey up new ideas for traffic planning and concept a harmonious society with the features that take peoplea?s involvements into first consideration, harmonizing to new construct of green conveyance planning. Wang, Jiang, and Lan ( 2000 ) besides agree with Song, they think that the old transit planning attack is no longer suited for sustainable development of transit system nowadays when urban environment is acquiring even worse.Clearly, the demand and chances for extra research, learning and service acquisition on transit system are infinite. They are bounded merely by our creativeness and willingness to take hazards and better our manner of life. The overruling issue is the manner of thought and the demand to alter everyd ay determinations, degrees of committedness and one s ain behaviour.In my sentiment, those old researches are likewise focus on the execution of green transit system in urban country. They forgot about that college campuses are distinguishable communities, in the words of Creighton ( 1998 ) microcosms of society , and that they have varied and often-large environmental impacts. Campuss are clearly de-marketing car transposing ( Wright and Egan, 2000 ) and actively advancing alternate transit manners particularly walking and cycling.Biking or walking is healthy and salvage money. That is the decision of an increasing figure of scientific surveies measuring the impacts of bicycling and walking on degrees of physical activity, fleshiness rates, cardiovascular wellness, and morbidity. ( Anderson, et Al. 2000 ) , ( Bas delimitatet, et Al. 2008 ) , ( Bauman, et al 2008 ) , ( BMA, 1992 ) , ( Cavill, et al 2006 ) , ( Dora and Phillips, 2000 ) , ( Gordon-Larsen, et al 2009 ) , ( Hamer and Chida, 2008 ) , ( Hillman,1993 ) , ( Huy, et al 2008 ) , ( Matthews, et al 2007 ) , ( Roberts, et al 1996 ) and ( Shephard, 2008 ) .Biking and walking conveyance behaviours depend on the natural, substructure, socioeconomic, and environment of a topographic point. Harmonizing to Zahran, et Al. ( 2008 ) , statistical relationships study can supply useful instruction to the conveyance and wellness contrivers which aim to promote green transit behaviour. Even though the turning scholarly involvement on biking and walking as feasible transit options, but small empirical research has been conducted on the determiners of non-motorized transit pick. Zahran, et Al. ( 2008462 ) . Many of the surveies merely investigate walking and bicycling conveyance behaviours at the vicinity graduated table for limited infinite, and with little sets of forecasters. A study by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies ( 2005 ) reference that more research is needed on the consequence of the built environment on physical activity particularly in campus.By taking to walk or bicycle rather of driving, pupils can assist to cut down nursery gas emanations in campus. If campus can get down to advance walking and bicycling as a merriment, healthy, safe and environmentally-conscious manner of acquiring to analyze, the campus sure will hold the possible be a bike-friendly campus.In the last decennary, many campus contrivers have been fighting to supply entree and mobility without destructing campus qualities as distinguishable communities. So, my research is to reflect on how college campuses have encouraged a average displacement from autos to other manners, and in peculiar to biking and walking. imputable to their pro-active educational background, I guarantee that campus is the possible topographic point to pass on sustainable and to assist reshape society s transit forms.Harmonizing to Orr ( 1992a ) , colleges and universities non merely must larn to be responsibly in the ir self-interest but it is besides the right to be responsible. This self-interest had been realized since 1990 sign language of the Talloires firmness of purpose by the Association of University Leaders for a Sustainable Future. The Talloires Declaration spells out cardinal actions that establishments of higher instruction must take to make a more sustainable hereafter. ( Carlos, 2003 ) Now there was more than 275 university leaders and international experts in over 40 states worldwide have subscribed its sustainable rules.On campus evidences sustainable transit planning can be seen as supplying basic substructures which can promote pupils to bicycle or walk and associating transit planning to set down usage planning. Many campus contrivers ever agree that college s possible to impact the transit behaviour of the campus. Not merely that, in the hereafter pupils besides can develop their transit wonts and environmental consciousness, as they will come on to busy influential fun ctions in authorities, companies or other organisations ( Tolley, 1996 )However, many research workers largely undertake the research on the usage of environmentally friendly alternate energy beginnings or the invention of new green conveyance to cut down the environment impacts. They forgot that a basic constituent to successfully following a hereafter sustainable conveyance must get down from a good practise of our immature coevalss.1.6 Research MethodologiesResearch methodological analysis is a system of method of process in research or survey. It is an of import lance to add value on the research by utilizing aggregation, assemblage and analyzing information. The usage of the methodological analysis is of import to empirical consequence for research. In this research, I will utilize two chief qualitative research and one quantitative research methodological analysiss to holding a consequence from theoretical facet and from the genuine universe facet.Interview is the 1 of the methodological analysiss utilizing in this research to roll up the information from specific parties. An unstructured attack of interview study will be chose to understanding more recent issues and roll up the sentiments of the interviewers towards the research subject. There will be an interview session with the selected offices such as informed and JPPHB to acquire the remarks or possible positions related to green transit system. Other than that, the professors or lectors who are more concern about the rejuvenation of campus will be interview to hold their sentiment on the sustainable conveyance and the pattern of cycling plan in campus.The 2nd methodological analysis which used in this research is library research. From library research can be defined as the systematic survey and probe of some facet of library and information scientific discipline in which decisions are based on the statistical analysis of informations collected in conformity with pre-established research desig n and methodological analysis. The analysis stuffs and readings on the research subject will be used to roll up more comprehensive thought on the research subject. The online seeking besides will be one of the methods to roll up the necessary information which may be non possible to seek in the library or through interview.Third, I will inquire some subjective inquiries related to the sustainable campus in a study signifier and distribute to around 200 pupils to pull together the informations about their idea and behaviours. The study signifier will give out via electronic mail or station on facebook with the conditions merely for UM pupils.1.7 Research RestrictionIn my ain research there were several restrictions I came across, includingUncontrollable Test Group- Because every homo is different, so it is hard for me to happen a group of people who have precisely same thought. This means that I had to study as many people as possible so that merely can account for differences. size of it and specificity in trial groups- So far my research merely had a really little trial group which contained 200 pupils from different modules, and often in my survey the topics will all be taken from merely one constitution such as merely in University Malaya. As a consequence, most of the studied has a really similar category group or environment and their consequences may non so be used to pull the whole decisions.personal Perception- To acquire some utile sentiment, I will inquire some subjective inquiry in the signifier of a study such as what is the most suited conveyance for a pupil to come to school? However, many studies have shown that a individual s perceptual experience of themselves is different and their descriptions of their ain suited conveyance non necessary suitable for others.Facebook- In order to acquire as many people as possible, I plan to open a study on Facebook, but this means that for those who answer the study must had a Facebook history. Therefore my informations is focus on pupils who have easy and consistent entree to a computing machine and internet service.Changes over Time- Everything is altering over the clip. The policies, ordinances, even the conditions will maintain on altering every twenty-four hours. This alteration mean any research done may be invalidated in the hereafter as find of a new conveyance that may do new or different effects. Research on green conveyance system is hence will behind the curve.

A&P and Greasy Lake

fatty Lake by T. Coraghessan Boyle and A&P by John Updike atomic number 18 both stories about approach path of age. Over the generations there have been many changes. In these two short-stories it come outs that, although it takes place in different generations, coming of age is still a time to prove ones self. A&P is about a nineteen-year-old boy that works at a local grocery store. The main character, Sammy, stands up against his theatre director in an attempt to defend and hopefully impress the girls he was attracted to, who were not decently dressed. Greasy Lake on the other hand is told from the narrators height of view, about several nineteen years old boys who play a prank on a bad character and experience what bad characters are capable of doing. For the narrator and Sammy they realize their lack of infantility after their conflicts with other people in the stories. In Sammys case, enraged that Lengel has humiliated the girls, he quits his seam trying to defend and imp ress the girls. The girls just ignore Sammy and leave the store after all of the arguing had died down. Sammy is then left by himself, without a crease and without the girls.When he looks back at the store from outside, his stomach kind of fell as he felt how hard the world was going to be to him hereafter. Obviously, he is tactile property a sense of regret when Sammy mentions the hardship in his life after he quits his job at the grocery store. The narrator in Greasy Lake also learns a lesson for the story. He learns that ones appearance does not represent ones true self. Three of the dangerous characters, including the narrator and his friends, fag out to scum-and refuse-clotted Greasy Lake in search for action.

Critique Article: Breast Feeding Essay

teat feeding has been known from ages past to be an incomparable regularity of providing the best fare for the wellnessy development and growth of new born babies. It also has a distinctive emotional, psychological and biological impact on both the mother and baby. Breast feeding is little expensive and has been traced to help in decreasing the risk of infection ,asthma,obesity,type 1 & 2 diabetes, leukemia, SIDs, necrotizing enterocolities (NEC), mortality and morbidity gait in children .In mothers dopefeeding can help in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes, postpartum depression, ovarian, embrace and other forms of cancer. Regardless of all the benefits of breast feeding, the rate and succession has been consistently low worldwide due to some cultural, economic, social and professional reasons (WHO, 2013). Problem Statement The reason renowned a clinical problem in Lebanon, which is increase mortality and morbidity rate as high as 27/1000 births.The death that occurs in children under the age of 5 is associated with unworthy nutrition and health status of mother and babies. The breastfeeding initiation rate has been inadequately low and varies between 63. 8% and 96% . Mother who exclusively breasted for less than one month were 58. 3% and 6 months old infant were 10. 1% 4. 1% and only close 27. 1% breastfed for one year. More importantly the seed noted that there was no political science organization to promote and support breastfeeding mothers, and postpartum mothers are only entitled to forty (40) days maternity leave.The author attributed a lot of predisposing factors to the low prevalence and duration of breast feeding, giving birth by caesarian section, low socio-economic status, religion of parents, and having a pediatrician who is a male. Some hospital practices like separation of babies from mothers, introduction of formula, water, sucrose at birth instead of breast milk. Most mothers look at breastfeeding as excruciation to be tolerat ed for the sake of their newborn baby. Possibly, if mothers are aware of the benefits of breast feeding for their own health, they will be less ikely to leave when they run into problems.The author noted that all these factors have been previously cross-sectioned except exploring mothers experiences or apprehension towards breastfeeding. Purpose of this Study The purpose of this study is to use qualitative method to identify barriers, promote and support breast feeding among Lebanon women, and explore their perception and experience during breastfeeding. Another purpose was to encourage health workers to provide proper breeding and also have a good understanding of management of breastfeeding.Some of the question that was design to be answer was Tell me round your previous experiences with breast feeding? Tell me what motivated you to want to breast feed? Tell me about your perception on breastfeeding your baby? Tell me how long you intend to breast feed? The research questions w ere answered by the participants during the reference and they were related to the purpose of the study (Nabulsi, M. , 2011). Literature appraise This research study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at AUBMC, and hospital administrators of HDF and SGH.The author conducted this research using qualitative method to explore postpartum mothers experience feelings and perception about breast feeding. The participants were recruited using theoretical sampling in the three different hospitals and they all had a full term delivery of healthy babies. The first interview was done by the investigator using focus group discussion with 5 open-ended questions between November and December 2007. The second section was conducted by the researcher with 10 postpartum mothers who were shared into group of 3 to 4 in each group.This interview was done in Arabic language for about 60 to 90 minutes and it was record in tape and was transcribed. The second stage was done with in-depth inte rview with 36 mothers between January and May 2008 with 12 members from AUBMC, 10 from HDF, and 14 from SGH. The researcher followed them up for up to one year or until breastfeeding was stopped. Reference point interviews were done with each of the participants for about 30 to 60 minutes which were recorded and audio-tape before they were discharge from the hospital.The follow-up interviews were done by telephone and face to face in the participants home every month for the first 6 months, past once every other month for another 6 months at each time the interview lasted for about 10 to 30 minutes. These follow up were done to discover breastfeeding barriers, mothers experiences, perception, feelings and natural factors that may interfere with their decision to successfully breastfeed. They were all asked about their current status with breast-feeding and the reason for pipe down breastfeeding or stopping if they did.According to the author in spite of their knowledge of breast f eeding benefits, most of the participants also expressed some personal venerate of excessive weight gain, change in shape of their breast, cultural belief that their milk is bad or could cause harm to the baby, breast feeding is so tiring and exhausting, pain, not enough breast milk, infant constantly crying, sleep deprivation. The author concluded that negative experiences during breast feeding seemed to have a earthshaking impact on mothers decision to stop breastfeeding( Nabulsi, M. , 2011).The author cited about 22 relevant journal articles and literary productions review and only about three were less than five years which is very normal in a qualitative research. There was no adequate information in the literature review to build a logical augment and no weakness was indicated during the study. The perspective from which the study was developed is from the women of Lebanon who were consistently experiencing low breast feeding rate and the author did not use grounded theory qualitative inquiry, and no diagram or framework was developed from this study.In conclusion breast feeding is withal the most natural and acceptable food for babies worldwide. Making an attempt to increase the initiation and duration of breast feeding without significant change in the feelings and perception of mothers towards breast feeding may result in more mothers having negative experiences and consequently reduces the rate of breastfeeding. There will be great direct for health professional to prepare pregnant mothers on how to successfully breastfeed and this will help improve their confidence and willpower (McInnes, R. Chambers, J. , 2008). More education will need to be done with certain population including low-income mothers, ethnic and cultural group and educating nurses and doctors in breastfeeding management. Finally there will be need to develop government policies and program that will assist mothers that are breastfeeding, extending postpartum leave, providing ch ild care at work places for mothers. However in Lebanon further research is required to rate the efficiency of future interventions in regards to breast feeding.

Cloud Based Gaming

cloud Based Gaming pic By Gautam Gogoi 10BM60028 Vinod Gupta School of Man maturement Abstract retrieve how great it would be if you could run into a mellowed devastation hazard like Far Cry 2 or Crysis on your netbook or your mobile. This is what cloud found boob tube game suppliers like Onlive or Otoy promise. The entire processing of the games result be d atomic number 53 in the cloud or servers maintained by the provider while the game get out miss in your browser and you go forth be sending the responses through with(p) the web. In this paper the effects of these changes on the telly hazard industry and Gaming as a whole lead be studied.The feasibility, limitations, challenges of this judgement and the various players getly working on this new technology and their pre direct progress in this regards go forth withal be looked at. Initially it is planned as a remunerative service. only if the possibility of all the apostrophizes to be covered by advert a nd nominal subscription costs as per economies of scale depart also be analyzed. television receiver games and the Video Game Industry The definition of film game as per wikipedia is as follows- A idiot box game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a scene device.The electronic bodys used to play flick games atomic number 18 known as platforms examples of these are personal computers and video game solaces. These platforms range from grown mainframe computers to half-size handheld devices. Below is shown the block diagram of a video game. The input device and the processor constitute the platform. Various examples of platforms are Computers, Play Station, X-Box, Nintendo Wii, mobile phones etcetera The input devices are normally joypads or keyboards. A game software is a piece of software which is run by the processor to generate the necessary environment ith specific goals which the user has to achieve . It also defines the rules about what should happen in case of bug outicular responses from the user. It has to be bought separately and plugged into the platform for the user to play the game. The display device may or may non be a part of the platform. Usually in case of computers and handheld device, it is a part of the platform, while for devices like Play Station and X Box, it is not a part of the platform. pic Any video game involves the interaction with the platform through an scuttle simplyt device.The input is thus passed on to the processor, which processes the inputs to generate appropriate out contracts utilise a game software. These outcomes are then displayed on the display. According to the outcomes displayed on the display, the user over again takes necessary steps which are again transmitted to the processor through the input device. This cycle takes fall out continuously and the user interacts with the platform to control a person or a team on real time bas is to propel it towards its goal, which great deal vary from killing an opponent to winning a game.This process keeps on going till the final outcome of the game is reached (all levels cleared) or if the user reaches the termination stage (game over). Video games be in possession of existed since 1950s in various forms. But it is in the last 10-15 years, that it has grown exponentially. This growth do-nothing be attri justed to the growing computing powers of the PCs and various other devices. It set offed initially as a thing for the kids. But today it is meant for adults as well, with adults and teenagers comprising of a huge chunk. In fact, as per a report by frolic Software Association, the average age of gamers in America is 35.This can be partly associated with the en self-aggrandizingd maturity and complexity of games and also with the fact that, pack who used to play games earlier have grown up but still continue to play games. Microsoft Flight simulator, is a very go od example of a very complex and practical(prenominal) game with even real pilots using it as a simulator to test their skills. Age of Empires is another wonderful game with large business connotations. Here you can build an entire empire and conquer all other empires to become the ruler of the entire land. With games such as this, it s no surprise that video games are no longer things that are just for the kids. Another very wrong conception is the fact that video game is a small industry. The video game industry is infact a behemoth which earned a revenue of $41. 9 Billion in 2007. It has already surpassed the music and the movie industry and is end on to the book and the DVD industry. But the game makers have specially been impacted by piracy. According to a survey by the Computer Entertainment Suppliers Association (CESA), the PSP and the DS lost approximately $41. 7 billion in sales from 2004 to 2009.Rampant piracy in places like India and China has specially impacted the PC Game makers. So bad is piracy that companies have stopped making games for places like China, because no one will buy them there. as well the sales from console based versions normally exceed PC based versions inspite of the large user base of the PCs. An example is that of Unreal Tournament 3 PC version merchandising 34,000 while the Playstation 3 version selling 86,633 in its first month. The major players include Sony, Nintendo and Microsoft with the platforms and game makers like Electronic Arts, Eidos, Konami etc.Among the platforms, Sony Playstation is the most popular one. Some straightforward games have already come out in a cloud based approach. Facebook games are a prime example of this. But this paper does not deal with these types of games. Rather this paper deals with more complex games like crysis, call of duty etc which require oftentimes higher processing power. But games like those present in facebook, provide interesting clues to the direction in which cloud b ased gaming (I will refer to this word in this paper to mean high end games hosted and ladder from the cloud and not the facebook games) will lead.Keeping this in mind lets look at some of the key characteristics of the Facebook games. Facebook games are immensely popular among the great unwashed specially the more aged ones. More than 200 million play games on facebook in a month and the top ten games have more than 12 million active users each. A very significant reason for this is that these games are free. Also it is a fairly new phenomenon and as such the renewal concept is another reason for a large number of users. The revenue for these games comes from analytics about the users play the games and from advertisement. Also the nature of games is very different.The game mainly focuses on cumulative effort. You will get more rewards if more of your friends play the game, or if you make friends while playing those games who will help you during the game. The most important le arnings from these facebook are the user base and the revenue computer simulation which provides these games free of cost. The large user base and the popularity of these games across people of all ages is an evidence of the potential of cloud based gaming. As we progress through this paper, the revenue model of cloud based gaming will also be studied keeping the revenue model of facebook games in mind.Cloud Based Gaming an introduction In cloud based gaming, the processor and the program are present in the cloud (internet). The input is sent to the processor through the internet. Also the processor sends the visual signals to the display device through the internet. As shown in the figure the red arrows represent links using the internet. The game usually runs on an internet browser on the side of the user. pic The service provider will be maintaining the parts inside the cloud and will charge a monthly rate from the users who will avail this service.This rate can be a lump sum am ount for a reli suitable period of time or it can be on the basis of number of hours used. As the game runs on the cloud, it will result in best utilization of processing powers as a result of balancing of troughs and crests of various users. Lets take an example of a game to see how this works. reflect you are playing Fifa, a football simulation game. The game will be installed and running on the servers of the provider. The game will be displayed on your carcass through your internet browser. You will use your keyboard to give inputs to the game.Suppose you want to shoot the football. You will press the appropriate button on your keyboard, which will then be sent to the servers of the provider through internet. The processing about the hitman will take place on the server using the game software. The outcome of your shot will then be transmitted to your system and the display through the internet. This process will then be repeated as you keep playing the game. Impact of Clou d Based Gaming- Cloud based gaming will have an immense impact on the gaming industry as a whole and will also impact the computer hardware industry.The various impacts are mentioned below 1. Platform independent gaming This will be one of the biggest impacts of cloud based gaming. As games will now be hosted on the clouds, platforms will become redundant. The entire processing will then be shifted to the clouds. every you will need is a device which can access the internet, display the game and send inputs to the cloud. As such it will result in the end of consoles (in the long run). We will be able to enjoy the said(prenominal) games on netbooks, mobiles, tablet PCs, etc. This will also result in reduction of motive of high end PCs for gaming.This is because, the moment the processing is shifted to the cloud, same resource will be shared by many a(prenominal) users, thereby optimizing the use of processing power. 2. Game players will increase exponentially- Platform independe nce will result in a larger number of users or gamers. This is subject to the rate charged for the same, but considering the optimal use of resources and the economies of scale, the prices will definitely be lesser than what it costs now. This will also depend on the acceptance of the mind by the frequent public which will be discussed later. 3.Crackdown on piracy- As the games will be installed on the servers, piracy will be stopped. Whoever wants to play games has to take a subscription. The game makers will get their share of revenue from the providers. This will have an uplifting effect on the industry. As more people pay for games, the cost per user will go down. This will in turn induce more people to jointure in. This positive feedback loop can finally lead to much(prenominal) more affordable gaming. 4. Nature of games to change from single player based to multi player based- As all games will be played online, the ocus will be more on developing multi player based games. This is already taking place, but with time even more emphasis will be paid to multi player modes specially those involving much larger number of players than those playing today. 5. Massive scope of advertisement as a result of high number of users- With large number of users comes the scope of advertisement. This can be another crucial factor in reducing the price which will again lead to more users. It is an added gain that people of most age groups play games. As such, the scope of advertisement increases further.Challenges and Hurdles Although the benefits are numerous and the effects far reaching, there are many challenges and hurdles which have to be cleared for the benefits are to be realized. Lets look at the main hurdles towards this 1. Latency Issues- The time lag between the printing press of a button and the corresponding action will be a major deciding factor regarding how well this service is accepted by the gamers. usually there is a lag of about 60-70 ms when w e run games on our systems. But reaching to these levels at HD resolution and 60 fps (frame per seconds) is a huge technical challenge.Infact many people have commented that reaching to these levels of latency will not be possible. But Onlive tests have shown a latency of about 140 ms at 30 fps. Although this might not be acceptable to hard core gamers, but casual gamers will be more than satisfied with this. 2. Video Compression- Cloud based gaming will require transmission of HD videos at real time basis. For this to be possible without any delay, some form of video compression must be used. 3. Resource sharing of the server- This is another crucial factor. Ideally one server should be dedicated for each user, but it is not possible practically.Using one server for many less demanding games will be problematic as all games assume that they own the servers resources exclusively. Also many servers used in processing of single game will lead to problems of transmission of data among the GPUs as lot of data is generated in the running of games. When achieved, proper utilizing of server resources will enable the providers to further reduce the subscription cost by reducing idle server time. 4. Convincing users to migrate to this platform- A big challenge will be to convince users to move to this new platform.Hard core gamers will be the hardest to convince because of things like latency issues. Also as most gamers already have a system at this moment, they will not migrate unless their systems have become outdated. So the migration will take place slowly as computers and consoles start becoming outdated. Many of the benefits will not be realized unless economies of scale are achieved and therefore this is a very crucial thing for the success of this idea. 5. High hurrying and dependable internet connection- This is a absolute necessity if cloud based gaming is to be experienced.Onlive, which is a provider of cloud based gaming specifies 3 Mbps connection as the minimum required and 5Mbps as the recomended to use this service. Apart from speed, depend magnate is another important factor. The speed has to be uniform. Otherwise, the game will get stuck in between resulting in inability to play the game. Although this might seem a problem now, with time and advancement, this will soon cease to be a problem. 6. Handling a large number of users- At present Onlive is providing cloud based gaming but the user base is very small. It is to be seen how they can manage to cope with vastly more users as time progresses.But this problem should be solved with time. Current Players at one time let us look at the current players who have been working with this technology. Here we will study the current state they are in, how they have cover the hurdles and their revenue model Onlive- It is the first company to come out with a model of cloud based gaming. Founded by Steve Perlman, a renowned enterpriser and inventor in the field of video games, it has st arted its run from July 2010. The executive team also includes other renown figures like Mike McGarvey, a former chief executive officer of Eidos Interactive and Tom Paquin, key developer of Netscape and a founder of mozilla org.At present the monthly rental is 15$ and apart from that you also have to buy games separately. It has also come out with many popular games like Unreal Tournament, Prince of Persia, NBA etc. The reviews about the service have been mixed. Latency for the games have been found to be between 150-210 ms. Video quality also has been variable due to the video compression used. But framerate and graphics were on an average found to be good. The video compression has been managed by a proprietary compression system. Here the screen is divided into 16 parts and each part gets its own encoder.Another thing they have done is the ability to retain and reuse most of the earlier video information. This is possible also across the various frames also. So if an object is moving from one frame to another, the same video data is used again to create the effect. The data centers are 5 in number with onlive going for a concentrated system rather than a spread out system. David Perry of Gaikai has criticized this by saying that distance is a critical thing in online cloud based go like this. conviction will tell if this concentrated approach will indeed lead to lags or delays in the service.The pricing structure of Onlive has been a serious put off. Games infact cost as much as much as DVDs. Add to that the monthly subscription cost. So even if you own a game, you will not be able to play it if your subscription gets over. But as this is just the beginning, costs are expected to be reduced with time and as more users start using this service. But in terms of technology, onlive is right up there. It has proven the technological feasibility of the idea and only time will tell us about the fiscal feasibility of the same. They are portraying themselves a s a replacement of consoles.They are even planning to come out with mini consoles that use the onlive service to drop by the wayside gaming service to televisions etc. But the present technology has a long way to go before it can compete with the consoles. The present system cannot compete with consoles for performance and as such most gamers will not migrate very soon. A critical thing for onlive will be increase its user base. If it can manage to do so, it can provide games at much lower rates. It can also look for advertisements to further reduce the user costs. But till then, it has to slog it out against the existing consoles.Gaikai- Founded by David Perry, one of the best known Video Game Industry veterans, Gaikai is another player in the cloud gaming sphere, but it has a slightly different model than onlive. Having received funds from TriplePoint Capital, Rustic Canyon Partners, Benchmark Capital it is also okay by Intel and Limelight Ne tworks. Game companies like Electron ic Arts and InstantAction have already signed up to use its service. The executive team also includes Michael Bowen, who was previously Director of Technical Operations at Facebook as well as VP of Operations at Sony Online Entertainment.They are expected to come out with a genus Beta in December 2010. Although based on the same idea, the business model of Gaikai is quite different from that of Onlive. Gaikai is positioning itself as a service which allows users to test or try out new software. Suppose you are reading about a new game and you want to check out how it feels to play or use it. This is where Gaikai comes in. It will enable you to test run the software or game without the need of any download or installation. If you like it you can then proceed to buy that game. Gaikai will get its revenue from the software manufacturer who will pay for each purchase.So Gaikai is not competing directly with console makers and rather it is cooperating with them. Although this idea is no t as radical as Onlives, it is still a very effective idea with numerous applications. The possibility of testing a software can influence many more users to buy this software. Also this can act like a launchpad for full fledged cloud gaming service. Gaikai also differs in the way it will distribute its data centers. While Onlive and Otoy are planning few large data centers, Gaikai is planning about 300 little centers across the US.They say that this way they can reduce the distance between the user and the data center. As such the performance of the service will be better. Otoy- Founded by Jules Urbach, Otoy was the first to promise cloud based gaming. But it has only come to prominence recently after finalizing deals with AMD, Intel and Nvidia. Infact AMD has been making a special graphics supercomputer which will be used by Otoy. The minnows among the three companies pursuing this technology, it plans to launch its services in summer next year. Its business model is not clear, b ut is expected to be in line with Otoys one.Also it is planning to provide HD services of games, movies and applications through its services. The way ahead With Onlive already coming out with its services and the others expected to come out very soon, the market is expected to heat up and attract a lot of users. But the main question is that will sufficient users be attracted to this service. The hardest thing will be to convince the users to migrate to this new platform. The most obvious outcome will be that initially these services will coexist along with the presently existing consoles and platforms.The hard core gamers will not easily migrate to this new platform and will be the last to migrate. Initially casual gamers will start using these services who do not own a very powerful system. But a lot will depend on the rate or price that will be charged. Till the prices are high, the number of users will not increase and most of the benefits will not be achieved. So according to me this service will continue to be an elite service for some years with people slowly adapting to this new service. But with the growth and advancement of technology, the prices will go down. The quality of the service will also increase substantially.This will further advance more people to join into this service. A lot depends on the patience of the firms and how long they are able to wait to reach profitable levels, because this technology will be accepted slowly. The three players presently in this field might not reap the full benefits of this, but this is surely a winning idea and someone will surely reap full benefits of this in the years to come. The tipping point will be reached when the user base will be large and diverse enough to support advertisement. Advertisement will further reduce the costs and as such encourage even more people to join in. nly at such low levels of prices will people from India and China be encouraged to join into this service. India and China ar e the key to this service because these are the two places with most of the people and maximum piracy. When people from these two countries will start joining this service, the number of users will start rising exponentially. Piracy will be reduced and game makers will start receiving more revenues, specially from people who were earlier using pirated versions of the same games. The actual benefits of cloud based gaming will then be realized. But there is a catch to this.Many people play games because they are free, specially in India and China. If games become available only through the cloud, piracy will be stopped. As such many people might stop playing games. Therefore it is very important that the prices reach to a sufficiently low level to coerce such persons to try them out. I firmly believe that the things mentioned here have a very high luck of happening. The biggest reason which makes me believe this is the rate at which technology is advancing. With the growth in processi ng powers of computers and growth in internet bandwidths cloud based gaming is genuinely very near.Another reason is the win win situation for all the players. With growing piracy it is natural that game makers will start taking measures to prevent it. Cloud based gaming is a very natural way to fight piracy. If the users do not have access to the games, how will they make illegal copies of them. death Cloud computing has revolutionized the computing world. Google, Amazon, Microsoft are heavily investing in it because it is the thing for the future. Already application like Google Docs and many corporate softwares are running from the cloud.So it is natural that games also go to the clouds. Running application from the cloud enables better use of idle system time, thereby optimizing the use of computing powers. Also it is much more easier to upgrade the software or hardware as the updation has to be done only on the server and not all individual machines of the users. In cloud bas ed gaming, the processing will take place in a server and it will communicate with the users system through the internet. Benefits will include reduced piracy, increased user base, platform independent gaming and scope for advertisement.Hurdles include latency issues, resource sharing model at server level, video compression techniques etc. The present players in this field include Onlive, Gaikai and Otoy. As a gamer, the scope and potential of cloud based gaming really excites me. Imagine how great it would be if we could play our favorite games right from our mobiles and compete with players using various platforms like consoles or PC. The whole dynamics of games will change and they will cease to be a single player based games. The important thing will be collaboration between the various players.Games will start involving a huge number of players at a same time like it happens in Massive multiplayer online role-playing game. We will no longer be fazed by upgrading of computers a nd inability to play games because our systems do not support them. All you have to do is to open your browser, and all the processing will be done in the clouds. References- 1. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Video_game 2. http//www. theesa. com/facts/pdfs/ESA_EF_2009. pdf 3. http//www. grabstats. com/statcategorymain. asp? StatCatID=13 4. http//vgsales. wikia. com/wiki/Video_game_industry 5. http//www. canada. om/topics/technology/games/story. html? id=ae936f84-8def-457d-b07a-40099252278d 6. http//gamer. blorge. com/2010/06/07/video-game-piracy-costs-industry-41-billion/ 7. http//techcrunch. com/2010/09/21/200-million-people-are-playing-facebook-games/ 8. http//www. onlive. com/support/performance 9. http//www. gamasutra. com/view/news/30537/Opinion_Give_Cloud_Gaming_A_Chance. php 10. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/OnLive 11. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steve_Perlman Display Processor Game Software input Device User Display Processor Program Input Device User

Literal Intelligence Collection

Literal Intelligence Collection National Intelligence and the NSA wireless pester program Intelligence Collection Sources and Ch wholeenges February 13, 2012 In the aftermath of 9/11 the password information conjunction (IC) matte up pressure from all directions. Employees of the IC, Congress, and the general public wanted questions answered as to why our nation didnt write out an attack was imminent. This failure of cognition caused a shake up within the entire IC, leading to galore(postnominal) proximo changes. One such change was in communications intelligence (COMINT) collection.According to Cummings (2006), President George W. scrubbing said that he authorized NSA to interpose the intertheme communications of people with known links to al Qaeda and related terrorist organizations in the weeks following the September 11th terrorist attacks (p. 6). The Presidents decision had legion(predicate) repercussions. I will discuss the parameters of the decision, the management issues associated with it that lead to such controversy, and the impact it had on national intelligence and the NSA.What led to this drastic decision by the U. S. President? The United States was blind-sighted in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack which resulted in the death of 2,977 innocent Americans. This was the largest attack in the history of the U. S. on our soil and although the signs were there for the intelligence participation to see, it was mi sendnly not put together. Much of the attack stemmed from communications between terrorist or those connected and working with terrorist within our Country, and this was unacceptable.In stage to defend against such communications, according to Lichtblau & Risen (2005), Under a presidential order signed in 2002, the intelligence agency has monitored the international telephone calls and international e-mail messages of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of people inside the United States without warrants over the past three ye ars in an confinement to track possible dirty numbers linked to Al Qaeda, the officials said. The agency, they said, still seeks warrants to monitor entirely domesticated communications.The sole purpose of the NSA program was to safeguard our national security in a to a greater extent expansive, efficient manner. The center on law and security (2007) states this requirement to demonstrate all of the substantive and adjective elements of FISA to the Attorney Generals satisfaction before any control can begin, would fatally impair the Presidents ability to book out his constitutional responsibility to collect overseas intelligence to protect our Nation from attack (p. 9).Any writ of execution involving citizens privacy is assured to draw controversy, and the root of the riddle with this program was a management issue. The President, DCI, and the director of the NSA should have informed the head of the Senate Select and Congressional oversight committees with a more in sense understanding of the changes and the secrecy. A plan should have been in place to deal with leaks to the public of the changes, and a more detailed description of the amendment to the policy should have been created and kept under lock and key.Intelligence collection involves umpteen activities that citizens (lacking all of the facts), may deem unconstitutional. The problem with this is most of the time the facts are not available to the general population, media, and up to now certain members of the Congressional oversight committees, for fear of an operation leak. Much of what the IC does must remain secret, at least until the aftermath (which could be years later). In regards to the topic at hand, sanction of warrantless wireless intercept by the NSA, the main problem arose due to management failures in the implementation of such a disputable topic.The center on law and security (2007) states, Critics of the NSA program do not necessarily object to the part of surveillance, but rather to the way in which it has been authorized, and to the absence of any oversight (p. 10). The Congressional oversight committees divine service as a checks and balance to the IC and the President informed the heads of the committees ( coterie of Eight) of his plan to authorize wireless intercepts on Americans. Cummings (2006) states, the administrator branch had limited its briefings of the legislative branch to the conspiracy of Eight.They further asserted that the executive branch had prohibited them from sharing any information about the program with congressional colleagues (p. 7). In the aftermath, it seems the Gang of Eight did not understand the necessity of secrecy tin can this information. The President should have explained the reasoning behind the secrecy and why the information was limited to the Gang of Eight. If the Gang of Eight understood the parameters and restrictions in place, they could better defend the plan when future problems arose. Preparations hould have been in place for dealing with the public if and when the time came that the media caught farting of the wireless intercept. At more or less point the President should expect that the public would have to be address with some details defending his actions. There should have been regulations in place, describing the limits the NSA still had to endure when it came to U. S. citizens. When reports came out in 2005, there was much confusion as to what exactly the President had authorized, and if there were limits in place for the NSA. A failure to properly address the issue allowed the media to run wild with stories, further outraging critics.Silence and secrecy only added to the problem of distrust of the IC. In preparation, President Bush should have had a detailed description of the amendment to the policy, with restrictions still in place for the NSA. This policy should have been dated at the time it went into effect, signed by the President, the DCI, the Director of NS A and the Gang of Eight and kept in the possession of the Director of the NSA. Having a signed document would serve the future purpose of showing there was knowledge of the parameters of the amended policy.If this policy had to become public (open source) at some point, it would hopefully show that Management had made an organized effort of implementing change and involved as many officials as possible under the current circumstances. The National Security Agency (NSA) has the task of protecting U. S. national security systems through the use of signal intelligence (SIGINT), to include COMINT. Prior to the President giving authorization to warrantless domestic eavesdropping following 9/11, the NSA had to obtain a court approved warrant in order to eavesdrop on a U.S. citizens communications, otherwise known as a FISA (Foreign Intelligence charge Act) warrant. According to the center on law and security (2007) FISA warrants require probable cause to suspect that an respective(preno minal) is acting either for a foreign power (including terrorist organizations) or as an agent of a foreign power, a target (a cell phone, a computer, a BlackBerry, or a landline phone, for example), and that foreign intelligence be a significant purpose of the warrant (p. ). NSA is no stranger to negative public lore regarding their unconstitutional practices. This wireless intercept program put the agencys reputation at stake once again. Reports of the NSA having access to most Americans phone records detailing their calls and communications is cause for reverence for critics. Due to a lack of proper implementation, notifications and opportunity for oversight, the NSA and the IC has to climb another uphill affair to win back the trust of Americans.Dilanian (2011) states, U. S. intelligence officials insist that the new surveillance powers have been crucial to taenia terrorist plots. Hopefully, some of the more recent successes in the community can erase the impact of failures a nd the intelligence community can improve their reputation once again. References Cummings, Alfred (2006). Statutory procedures under which Congress is to be informed of U. S. intelligence activities, including covert actions NSA domestic surveillance.Congressional Research Service Dilanian, Ken (2011). 9/11, ten years after, more surveillance A legacy of watchful eyes The government eavesdrops on U. S. citizens as never before. Los Angeles Times Aug 30, 2011. Tuesday alkali Edition. Lichtblau, E. & Risen, J. (2005). Bush lets U. S. spy on callers without courts. The New York Times, Dec 16, 2005. doi 942423341 The Center on lawfulness and Security at the NYU school of Law (2007). The NSA wiretapping program. For The Record, 1(Jan) 1-16.