Biomedical waste management Essay Example

Biomedical waste administration Essay Section V Conversation This overview was led to gauge the comprehension and example sing biomedical waste course among staff medical attendants working in JIPMER clinic, Puducherry the total of 300 staff attendants were taken an interest and the insight and example surveyed by using organized poll. The study outcome shows that the mean comprehension mark among the overview members was 20.5 out of 25. 70.7 % of staff medical attendants had top of the line cognizance, and 29 % had intend to great perception biomedical waste way. We will compose a custom article test on Biomedical waste administration explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Biomedical waste administration explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Biomedical waste administration explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Information roughly Biomedical waste and its bearing The study results appear around 99 % of staff attendants had known roughly Biomedical waste and 88.3 % of them think about the points of Biomedical waste heading in clinic. A review completed by the health consideration provider in third consideration hospital in Rajkot demonstrated comparative results around 95 % of overview subjects were insightful of biomedical waste heading. Information on bio peril image Bio peril image is basic biomedical waste way. These review results show that 92.3 % of staff nurture right distinguished the bio risk image. Chudasama et Al ( 2013 ) , Vishal et Al ( 2013 ) , Mathew et Al ( 2011 ) , indicated that 82 % to 87 % of their overview members severally were recognized the bio danger image right. The result of this review is to some degree higher than these surveies. This overview incorporates simply staff nurture, these surveies done on all kind of health consideration provider including sanitation and housekeeping laborers, might be because of this change happened. Information on peril of disease transmittal: The risk of contamination transmittal from a biomedical waste is high when it was non dealt with fairly. Around 90 % of overview, points had information on the peril of infection transmittal to hepatitis B, C, HIV and so on , from biomedical waste. A KAP overview on staff medical attendants of the private hospital of Udupi city demonstrated that 77.5 % had cognizance of the danger of ailment transmittal which is generally not as much as this review results. Additionally, different surveies information on the peril of illness transmittal shifts from 84-92 % . Information on making out of biomedical waste: The overview result appears around 52 % of review able had comprehension on the correct making out of the biomedical waste. Just 15 % of waste was produced in the clinic were infective, if medical attendants comprehend this build so isolation of the waste is basic occasion biomedical waste way. Information on topographic purpose of isolation of biomedical waste Isolation of waste is a significant moment in entire biomedical waste heading. The significant piece of biomedical waste bearing is isolation of waste at the topographic purpose of starting. In this overview, only 66 % of study subjects were mindful that topographic purpose of isolation is place start of the waste. Information on this point is generally not exactly different circles. Information on shading cryptography of biomedical waste course Shading coded container and screens are of import instruments biomedical waste way. Information on these shading codification help in isolation and intercession of the biomedical waste appropriately. There are four kinds of colourss coded containers and screens in BMW. These are bronzed, somewhat blue, xanthous, and dark colourss. A Red shading receptacle for blood defilement. Around 95 % of study members had discernment of this shading coding framework utilized biomedical waste way. The comparable outcome are seen in Vanesh Mathur et Al. ( 2011 ) , Savan Sara Mathew et Al. ( 2011 ) , roughly 93 % of these overview members had discernment of shading cryptography. Be that as it may, the result of Chudasama et Al. ( 2013 ) show just 85 % of review members had comprehension of shading coding which moderately not as much as this overview. Information on techniques for biomedical waste heading and removal The result of our review indicated that 75 % of study subjects were insightful of the techniques for BMW and its removal. A comparable outcome was found in a review led in third consideration hospital Bhopal Vishal et Al. ( 2013 ) around 75 % of the staff medical caretakers had information on techniques for removal. Another cross sectional review done in third consideration learning hospital in Ludhiana indicated that perception of the technique for biomedical waste removal was 100 % among staff medical attendants and on correlation staff nurture had more insight in this circle than different wellbeing consideration providers. Information on malady spread by biomedical waste The overview result demonstrated that around 90 % of this review members were discerning that the ailment can convey from inappropriately oversaw biomedical waste. Chudasma et Al. what's more, Mathew et Al. demonstrated that comparative result, 89 % and 92 % of the study members mindful about the ailment can be transmited through biomedical waste. Asadullah et Al. ( 2012 to 2013 ) did a review among the staff nurture in Udupi, Karnataka ; India indicated that 77 % study members had equivalent, inconsistent cognizance on the infection transmittal. Information on needle stick hurt and station presentation prophylaxis The overview result indicated that cognizance of needle stick hurt and station introduction prophylaxis was about 77.6 % among the study point. Our study outcome indicated that Out of 300 members, 266 ( 88.6 % ) had inoculated for hepatitis B. A KAP overview done in third hospital in New Delhi ( Sharma et al. 2011 ) among health consideration individual demonstrated that 50.2 % of review members had insight of sickness transmittal by needle stick harms. 91.1 % of study points are inoculated for HBV. Sarika P Patil et Al. ( 2011 ) , the cross-sectional overview study was directed in Tertiary Care Government Hospital in Dhule ( Maharashtra ) , India. The outcome indicated 81.7 % ( 125 ) were inoculated for hepatitis B. furthermore, tetanus severally. what's more, among the 34 non inoculated for hepatitis B.The majority of the members staff medical caretakers were vaccinated. Generally comprehension: Generally mean characteristic of discernment on biomedical waste bearing was 20 ( Markss ) . Sub bunch investigation indicated that there is no a significant mean imprint contrast of discernment on biomedical waste heading among sexual orientation, instructive position, understanding and BMW readiness position. Asadullah et Al. ( 2012 to 2013 ) did an overview among the staff nurture in Udupi, Karnataka, India demonstrated that significant relationship between guidance position and mean insight, score the distinction seen between Diploma Holder and ANM. The insignificant guidance degree for staff nurture is certificate thus in this have ANM, because of this we didn’t happen this distinction. The mean imprint is delegated Poor Knowledge ( A ; lt ; 40 % in the whole cognizance mark ) , Average to great insight ( 40-79 in the whole discernment mark ) , and top of the line perception ( A ; gt ; 80 in the whole Knowledge mark ) . The review outcome demonstrated that 70.7 % of the staff medical caretakers had five star, and 29 % had great discernment on biomedical waste course. When contrasting the standard with great cognizance and five star insight classs between sex guidance position, understanding and BMW arrangement position indicated that significant affiliation ( 5 % ) between the perception and sex. Biomedical waste heading design The immediate perception of BMW design in 50 wards indicated that equivalent figure. Of bio clinical waste containers according to bio clinical waste bearing attendant lines ( xanthous, pale blue and dark ) in all wards ( 100 % ) . All wards have center shaper for acerate leafs and panpipes which all in working status and every one of them using individual defensive advances like a cover, baseball gloves, and so forth. The BMW records were non kept up in any of the wards. The example of dealing with the removal of fictile waste, ruined dressings/mortar throws/material waste, sharps and acerate leafs waste and human anatomical waste were around 100 % . Chudasama et Al. ( 2013 ) demonstrated that 87 % detailed holding center point shaper in wards. Around 84 % of members are using individual defensive advances like a veil, baseball gloves, and so forth while overseeing BMW. Study result indicated that 74.5 % of members detailed that there is the acceptable consideration of BMW records i n wards and 87 % announced holding center point shaper in wards. The example of overseeing removal fictile waste, ruined dressings/mortar throws/material waste, sharps and acerate leafs waste and human anatomical waste are 80 % , 66.8 % , 63 % and 63.1 % severally. This change happened in light of the fact that in this study explore laborer watched straight the wards, non the individual review members. The Chudasama et Al. ( 2013 ) completed it independently. The blood spill unit and station presentation prophylaxis pack were accessible in 20 % of wards altogether. In general the insight of the biomedical waste heading among staff nurture in the third consideration learning clinic was acceptable. The biomedical waste course design was good aside from the BWM records were non looked after nicely. 1

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Harmony at the Workplace Wage Negotiations between Labor...

Abstract This paper looks at a proposal from a labor union attempting adjust overtime pay for employees of a sample company. It outlines the benefits of cooperative negotiations between labor and management, provides an analysis of how the proposal will affect the company and suggests an ideal approach to take with negotiations. Finally, the paper provides alternatives to the proposal presented by the union and describes how this company can achieve ideal results for all parties involved. Harmony in the workplace between the employees and management is crucial to the productivity of a company. Most of the time employees and management are able to work cohesively to accomplish common goals; however, this relationship can become contentious as conflicts arise between the employees desire for better benefits and the companys desire to adhere to their budget. Due to this delicate nature of the employee-management relationship, labor unions have been put in place to negotiate benefits and work conditions on behalf of the employees. In the case of the sample company negotiating pay rates, the union has proposed a change in the overtime payment system that would require the employer to pay time-and-a-half for a minimum of two hours of overtime even if the employee did not work two hours of overtime. This is a divergence from the previous overtime policy that required the employer to pay time-and-a-half only for the amount of time the employees actually worked overtime.Show M oreRelatedAspects of Industrial Relations.1811 Words   |  8 Pagesrelationships between employers and Trade Unions, but also for those involving Government with the aim of defining policies, facing labour problems. The concept of industrial relations has a very wide meaning and connotation. In the narrow sense, it means that the employer, employee relationship confines itself to the relationship that emerges out of the day to day association of the management and the labour. In its wider sense, industrial relations include the relationship between an employee andRead MoreLabor And Management Of The Industrial Society Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT: Labour and management compose an important and integral part of our industrial society. These groups work as pair of opposites and their divergent interests clash at some point or the other. Despite all the emphasis laid by social scientists on the common goal and the virtues of industrial harmony, conflict has become an inherent feature of modern system of production. The problems of industrial conflict are not new. The past has witnessed many intense and sometimes violent disputes. TheseRead MoreLabor Unions and Management Essay examples3384 Words   |  14 PagesA labor union is an organization of employed workers that formed to undertake collective bargaining with employers and to try to achieve improved working conditions for its members. Labor Unions go back all the way to the development of America. Starting when the pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock in 1620, several of the pilgrims were craftsmen. These were considered primitive unions, or guilds of not just carpenters but also cabinet makers, cordwainers and cobblers made their appearance as wellRead MoreHuman Resource Management Is The Body Of Knowledge And A Set Of Practices1336 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is it? Human Resource Management is the body of knowledge and a set of practices that define the nature of work and regulate the employment relationship. HRM is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment, management and providing direction for the people who work in the organization with the selection of employee, providing proper orientation and induction, providing proper training and the developing skills, assessment of employee (performance of appraisal), providingRead MoreThe Role of Management and the Union in an Organization2225 Words   |  9 Pages| The Role of Management and the Union in an Organization | | BUS 372: Employee amp; Labor Relations | 2/7/2013 | Corporations are important members of the society as they are responsible for providing substantial input in terms of goods and services as well as adding to the growth of the country as a whole. 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A successful employment relationship has always been the foundation of any successful business or organisation no matter how big or small. Variety of philosophers and writers of management have written a lot of theories relating to employment relationship. These theories have changed vastly from the classical era to the modernRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagescom/college/quickstart Technical Support 24/7 FAQs, online chat, and phone support www.wileyplus.com/support Your WileyPLUS Account Manager Training and implementation support www.wileyplus.com/accountmanager MAKE IT YOURS! Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Tenth Edition David A. DeCenzo Coastal Carolina University Conway, SC Stephen P. Robbins San Diego State University San Diego, CA Tenth Edition Contributor Susan L. Verhulst Des Moines Area Community College Ankeny, IA John WileyRead MoreIntroduction to Mexico10481 Words   |  42 Pagesventure must be considered. In this paper, we will analyze Mexico s economy, political structure, culture and management techniques. By examining these factors an American firm should be able to make a decision based on Mexico and the type of business considering a move into Mexico. This paper will show that a company can not internationalize into Mexico due to the lower costs of labor only. A more all-encompassing approach is necessary to make a proper decision. A study of all aspects must beRead MoreHuman Resource Management, Industrial Relations and Achieving Management Objectives11312 Words   |  46 PagesPUBLICATIONS HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND ACHIEVING MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES BY S.R. de Silva Senior Specialist in Employers Activities East Asia Multidisciplinary Advisory Team I.L.O., Bangkok [Top] [Next] Table of Contents Factors Influencing Trends Trends in Human Resource Management and Management Objectives The Theory of the Conflict Between Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management Reconciling the Conflict and Trade Union Views Endnotes [Top] [Contents]

Essay about American Intervention Prisons in the United...

America does a lot to help countries in need, however we could use some outside help of our own concerning our prisons. First, we could use help with overcrowding. Next, minor flaws in our justice system that contribute to overcrowding. Finally, the condition of some of our prisons don’t make them seem like they are not prisons at all. In the United States, prison overcrowding is caused by many issues. These include not enough room in prisons, increasing crime rates, and changes in the justice system’s laws. Causes of prison overcrowding may include: double-celling, prisoner misconduct, and psychological problems. By examining prison crowding, it is a problem but it is not known whether or not it will affect inmates. However, there†¦show more content†¦In an article by Stephen Lemons, alleged Briseria Torres, was here in the United States illegally and how Torres was not her real name. Torres was accused for three counts of forgery, â€Å"in part because her d river’s license have her real name on it...following her arrest, she was held without bond in Estrella Jail for four and a half months† (Lemons, 2012). Because of the â€Å"tough on crime† system, allows the justice system to narrow its use of disposition and toughen administrative policies and procedures for sentencing. If other countries took in our prisoners, it would also alleviate the load on the prisons, and may even deter criminals, as they may not want to be sent to another country. The conditions of some of our prisons make it seem like they are are not prisons at all. If I were a homeless person in need of shelter in the winter, or maybe a few square meals, I might commit a petty crime just to be sheltered and fed for a few days. According to Sara Ferguson, with being a humane and high security facility, comes better prisoner treatment. while prisons are more secure, the idea is the updated treatment for prisoners, â€Å"When a person goes to prison th ey can look forward to three healthy meals a day, weight rooms, tennis courts, baseball, a retail store, television, movies, internet access, mail, and a host of other privileges which a lot of Americans outside prison may never have access.† (Ferguson, 2007). If other countries help the UnitedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Proclamation Of Baghdad Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesTowards the beginning of Emma Sky’s memoirs of her time working as a representative and advisor to the United States government in Iraq, she writes of one day in 2003 when the people of the city of Kirkuk, where she was stationed, whispered frantic rumors of a Jihadi infiltration of the city. To allay those fears, Colonel William Mayville, Commander of the U.S. Army s 173rd Airborne Brigade in Kirkuk, prepared a media statement for the city. The speech was entitled â€Å"to the People of Kirkuk ProvinceRead MoreThe Lack Of Reintegration Programs And Mass Incarceration Of African America ns912 Words   |  4 Pagesprograms and mass incarceration of African Americans in the United. Mass incarceration amongst African Americans has had a catastrophic impact on families and communities and continues to create a cycle of discrimination, which makes its nearly impossible as a race to progress. Because of the soaring incarceration rate in the United States, many prisons are over populated and lack resources and support to help inmates succeed once released from prisons. Since there is an insufficiency in resourcesRead MoreDomestic American Terrorism1780 Words   |  7 Pagescircle, with each policy reinforcing the values of another. 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Understanding Social Media Effects Across -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Understanding Social Media Effects Across? Answer: Introducation The social media is taking the place of traditional media. Astonishingly, people are being more willing to spend time in social media than traditional media. However, as digital media consumption continues to increase, platform of social media also develops. Different types of gadgets such as Smart phones, mobiles, iPod/iPad, Laptop and PC are getting easily available in market. Technological facilities are also getting cheap and within the range of common people. Social media networking sites has attracted many people for sharing post, images, video conferencing and all other things. A predicted percentage of active social media users in case of the global point of view are 28% (Asur and Huberman, 2010). Although people have hectic schedule, they are still spending a trivial amount of time on the sites of social media. People are getting more advantages to express their thinking in the platform of social media by attracting and engaging new audiences. The initiation of live-streaming features and 360-degree photos or videos is creating new platforms together with Snapchat, Instagram and twitter (Tuten and Solomon 2017). The quantity of time people squandered on social media is continuously enhancing. Teenagers are also getting attracted to use social media and websites such as Facebook, twitter, Google buzz, Flickr etc. People are being habituated to spend their time online with the interaction of social media. From eight to eighty, corporate to senior citizen, everybody is indulged in social media in current days (Rapp et al. 2013). The main reason is that it is difficult to deny social media and its scopes that permit a number of people across the globe. The different age groups of students spend their valuable time to connect with known or unknown people rather than paying time for playing or studying. The different age group majorly utilises the social media sites for enhancing their circle of network and keep themselves updated with the current occurrences of associated interests (Saravanakumar and SuganthaLakshmi 2012). To provide readers an improved consideration of the landscape of social media, we are surveying age wise time tired across the platforms of most popular social medias anticipated within the lifetime of a consumer. Surprisingly, total time spent on social media is greater than time spent in eating, drinking, studying, socializing and grooming (Kaplan and Haenlein 2010). Though surfeit of anything is harmful, an intemperance use of social media has also bought many fresh and unique problems. This problem is known as addiction. In recent days, people are paying deficit time on social media websites accounting 28% percent of online time spent. Method of data collection: One of the primary methods collects the data used for research study and therefore the data is primary data. The data is collected by questionnaire method. It is a very easy, cheap and less time consuming method (Warwick and Lininger 1975). First, a questionnaire of 10 questions is formed and possible answers are provided with each question to choose. Hence, all the questions are close-ended questions. Secondly, the questionnaire is circulated via e-mail and 20 complete samples were granting. No missing valued sample was permitted. The data is authentic and true. Not sampling bias is present while collecting the dataset. Summary of the data set: The data set have 20 samples with 10 variables. No missing data is present in the dataset. The responses of the dataset are gathered from questions of the questionnaire. The questions and responses are collected as per the following table: Questions Options for responses What is your age? Any numerical value What is your gender? ? male ? female What is total number of social networking sites are you member of? Any numerical value How long are you using social networking? ? Less than one month ? 1-6 months ? 7-12 months ? More than one year What is the daily spending on social networking sites? ? Less than 1 hour ? 1-3 hours per day ? 3-6 hours per day ? More than 6 hours per day What is your most preferable social media? ? facebook ? twitter ? Blogger ? Google Buzz ? Flickr ? MySpace ? Friendster What is your average number of friends and followers in social networking sites? Any numerical value Have you increased the use of social networking sites in last three months? ? yes ? no What kind of information you share most in social network? ? videos ? pictures ? status ? interests ? contacts What is the main reason behind the use of social networking site? ? chatting ? on-line buying ? make new friends ? to get information ? profession business contacts ? share the experience ? make new friends ? play games According to the responses of 10 variables, it is observed that age and Average number of friends followers in social networking sites are numerical variables. Rest of all are categorical variables. Some of them are nominal (example-gender) and some are ordinal (example-no. of social networking sites are you member of). The descriptive statistics of both the quantitative variables are measured. Gender wise equality of means is tested by two-sample z-test method. A simple linear regression model is structured assuming age independent variable and Average number of friends followers in social networking sites dependent variable to find their linear relationship. With the help of qualitative variables, necessary graphical summaries and frequency distributions are executed. Quantitative Data Analysis: The mean value of ages of social network users is 26.5 years. The mean value of average number of friends and followers in social networking sites is 317.75. The standard deviations of these two variables are respectively 5.236 years and 351.884 years. The variance of age is 27.421 and variance of average number of friends and followers in social networking sites is 123822.0921 (Oja 1983). The minimum and maximum values of age of social network sites users are 19 and 37. The median age is calculated as 26.5. The minimum and maximum values of average number of friends and followers in social networking sites are 21 and 1270 with a median value 214.5. The dependent variable is taken as average number of friends followers in social networking sites and independent variable is the age of the users. A scatter plot is created according to that. Now, we would like to find the difference of means of ages for male and female social networking sites users. The calculated z-statistic is 0.958687588. The p-value of two-tail z-statistic is 0.337716153. Therefore, we accept the null hypothesis of equality of averages of ages of both the genders at 95% confidence interval. Qualitative Data Analysis: The pie chart indicates that number of social networking sites is highest for 3-4 and lowest for 8-10. The line diagram infers that maximum people (7) are using social networking sites for more than one year. Minimum number of people (3) is using social networking sites for 1-6 months. The main reasons behind the use of social networking site are chatting (4) and sharing the experience (4). The minor reasons behind social networking site are the use of on-line buying (1) and play games (1). Most of the people (6) spend time daily on social networking sites for 1 to 3 hours per day. Minimum number of people (4) spends time daily on social networking sites for less than 1 hour per day. The preferable social media according to survey is found to be Facebook (7) followed by twitter (4). 65% people consider that their use of social sites has increased in last three months and only 35% people incur that consideration. Among 20 people, 6 people consider that they mostly share pictures followed by videos (5 people). Only 1 people uses social network for contacts sharing. Simple linear regression model: The linear regression model is given as- y = 0 + 1 * x. (Zou, Tuncali and Silverman 2003) Dependent variable (y): average number of friends followers in social networking sites Independent variable (x): age of the users SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.135603295 R Square 0.018388254 Adjusted R Square -0.036145732 Standard Error 358.1867283 Observations 20 ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 43260.56862 43260.56862 0.33718888 0.568656 Residual 18 2309359.181 128297.7323 Total 19 2352619.75 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Intercept 559.2255278 423.4925585 1.320508511 0.203210363 -330.499 1448.95 age -9.112284069 15.69244548 -0.58067967 0.568655989 -42.0809 23.85632 (Montgomery, Peck and Vining 2012) The intercept is 0 = 559.2255278 and slope is 1 = (-9.112284069). The linear regression model is found to be- Average number of friends followers in social networking sites = 559.2255278 - 9.112284069* age. The correlation between independent and dependent variables is 0.135603295, which refers an insignificant correlation between them. The multiple R-square is found to be 0.018388254 (1.8%). It refers an insignificant linear association between dependent and independent variable. The p-value is 0.568655989(0.05). It helps us to reject the null hypothesis of linear correlation coefficient between these two variables. Conclusion: The influence of social media addiction is affecting our life style. The impact of social media makes our life easy and fulfilled. Independent of age, people are losing their relationship, sufficient sleep and time for work purpose due to addiction of heavy social media. A huge amount of time, people are wasting behind social media necessarily or unnecessarily. The analysis of sampled data reflects that every day from less than 1 hour to more than 6 hours, all types of time spending on social networking were significantly observed in this case. References: Asur, S. and Huberman, B.A., 2010, August. Predicting the future with social media. InProceedings of the 2010 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology-Volume 01(pp. 492-499). IEEE Computer Society. Kaplan, A.M. and Haenlein, M., 2010. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media.Business horizons,53(1), pp.59-68. Montgomery, D.C., Peck, E.A. and Vining, G.G., 2012.Introduction to linear regression analysis(Vol. 821). John Wiley Sons. Oja, H., 1983. Descriptive statistics for multivariate distributions.Statistics Probability Letters,1(6), pp.327-332. Rapp, A., Beitelspacher, L.S., Grewal, D. and Hughes, D.E., 2013. Understanding social media effects across seller, retailer, and consumer interactions.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,41(5), pp.547-566. Saravanakumar, M. and SuganthaLakshmi, T., 2012. Social media marketing.Life Science Journal,9(4), pp.4444-4451. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2017.Social media marketing. Sage. Warwick, D.P. and Lininger, C.A., 1975.The sample survey: Theory and practice. McGraw-Hill. Zou, K.H., Tuncali, K. and Silverman, S.G., 2003. Correlation and simple linear regression.Radiology,227(3), pp.617-628.

Steroids in MLB free essay sample

Steroids and Other Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Major League Baseball Steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs have become a major part of sports at all levels, especially in Major League Baseball (MLB). However, the role they have played is not a positive one. Not only do steroids create an unlevel playing field, but they also have scarred the record books. In a 2005 study by USA Today, 79 percent of the 568 players surveyed said that they believe steroids have played a role †both big and small†in record-breaking performances by current high-profile players Oenkins). Therefore, steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs should be monitored more closely by Major League Baseball because they create an unfair playing field, are harmful to the users body, and cause a distortion of records and accomplishments. To better understand the role of steroids in MLB, it is beneficial to know the history of steroids. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetically produced variants of the naturally occurring male sex hormone testosterone. We will write a custom essay sample on Steroids in MLB or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Anabolic refers to muscle-building, and androgenic refers to increased male sexual characteristics. Steroids refers to the class of drugs (Drugabuse. gov). In 1935, a group of German scientists, led by Adolf Butenandt, created anabolic steroids to treat testosterone deficiency. However, the first case of steroid use to increase athletic performance did not occur until 1954 and involved the Soviet Union weightlifting team (Shore). The biggest inclination of steroid use in baseball came in 1998, when a bottle of an injectable steroid, called androstenedione, was found in Mark McGwires locker. However, no punishment was issued because steroids were not on MLSs list of banned substances at the time. Four years later, in 2002, Bud Selig, the commissioner of Major League Baseball, instituted the games first performance-enhancing drug testing policy. Another major performance-enhancing drug scandal occurred in 2003 when a high-profile track coach said that the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative (BALCO) and its founder, Victor Conte, made and distributed many steroids that were unable to be detected. An ensuing investigation led to the connection of these steroids with many star athletes, such as Barry Bonds, Jason Giambi, and Gary Sheffield. Then, on December 13, 2007, the Mitchell Report†a 21 month long nvestigation by former Sen. George Mitchell into performance-enhancing drugs in MLB†was released and it connected 89 current and former players to steroid use, including Roger Clemens and Andy Pettite (Shore). Steroids have many useful and acceptable medicinal purposes, such as treating testosterone deficiency, combating symptoms of cancer patients, and treating delayed male puberty. But, the main purpose of athletes using performance- enhancing drugs is to gain an edge over other players, which creates an unfair playing field. However, most people will ask if performance-enhancing drugs really make a difference. To answer this question, John Brenkus states in The Perfection Point, First, in case youre wondering whether performance-enhancing substances really work, the answer is an emphatic and unambiguous Yes. The improvements can range from the subtle to the truly immense. Everything an athlete ingests is a chemicals that have more immediate and visible effects (77-8). Can a player not using steroids do the same things a player who is using steroids with hard work? The answer is no. A player using performance-enhancing drugs will always be bigger and stronger than if he was not using performance-enhancing drugs (Brenkus 89). There are also statistical facts to show the effectiveness of performance-enhancing drugs. First, there is Babe Ruth, who is third on the all-time homerun list. He averaged 46 homeruns per season from age twenty-nine to thirty-three. Yet, in the five years after that, his average dropped to 43 homeruns per season. This is common due to the fact that as an athlete ages, his performance decreases. In contrast, Mark McGwire, who confessed to using steroids throughout the second half of his career, averaged 31 homeruns per season in the first seven years of his career. Interestingly enough, his verage homerun total Jumped to 49 homeruns per season in the last seven years of his career (Brenkus 83). It should now be obvious how much of an impact performance-enhancing drugs play in the game and how much of an unfair playing field is created. The main counter argument to the first point is to allow all players to use steroids in their respective sport. Norman Frost, a professor of pediatrics and ethics at the University of Wisconsin, argued that steroids should be allowed in sports because steroids are far less dangerous than the sport itself (Driffill). There has been only ne death that occurred while playing baseball. In 1920, Roy Chapman, a shortstop for the Cleveland Indians, was struck in the head by a baseball. There has only been one death directly linked to performance-enhancing drugs in baseball. In 2003, Steve Bechler, a pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles, collapsed and died of a heatstroke and abnormal liver function, a side effect of the performance-enhancing supplement, Ephedra. This is only one of the many effects of steroid and performance-enhancing drugs. Steroids have a grave list of side effects, especially when taken at certain oses. Therefore, allowing all players to use steroids would subject players to these potential side effects. Without question some of these substances are harmful, although theres a pretty good argument that in small, reasonable doses, the side effects are negligible (Brenkus 77). Yet, to create an edge, players do not take small, reasonable doses of performance-enhancing drugs. There are quite a number of physical side effects, as well as, mental and emotional side effects. Some physical side effects include: the reduction of the production of natural hormones, liver and idney damage or failure, sterility and shrinking of the testes, lowering of good cholesterol and raising of bad cholesterol, development of breasts (gynecomastia), acne, stunted growth, and baldness. In the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, five cases of liver damage were documented in young, healthy men, who had been on a supplement for no more than four months (Epstein and Dohrmann). The mental/emotional side effects can include roid rage, withdrawal syndrome, and addiction. Roid rage is an increase in aggressiveness and violence by people who use steroids. This is a rare symptom, but still has been seen on multiple occasions (Steroid. com). Withdrawal syndrome includes mood swings, depression, and other emotional effects caused from abrupt cessation of steroids (Dupre-Neary). Finally, addiction can become a major problem, especially because of the increased risk of Recently, the supplement industry has become Just as dangerous as the listed steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs. In a 2007 study, 25 percent of 58 supplements tested would have made an athlete test positive for a banned substance by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). However, six years earlier, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) funded a study of 634 supplements commonly used by athletes. Of these supplements, 15 percent of them would have caused an athlete to test positive for a banned substance. In 1994, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) said that supplements could be sold without proof of effectiveness or safety and without approval from the FDA (Epstein and Dohrmann). Also, it should be known that you can own a supplement store without being a chemist, or even having a chemistry background. Such people are making and/or selling products in which they have no idea what ingredients are in their roducts. Sometimes supplement makers, prohibited by cost and their lack of expertise from creating novel ingredients, fall back on what they know works and sells: anabolic steroids and prohormones that have not yet been added to the DEAs list of controlled substances (Epstein, Dohrmann). According to Brent Musburger, a play-by-play college football analyst, said that professional athletes could use steroids under a doctors approval and supervision to improve athletic performance (Report). Yet, if performance-enhancing drugs are legal, then the athletes could go to doctors to learn how to properly use them, correct? Wrong. The reason athletes take performance-enhancing drugs in the first place is to gain edge over their fellow athletes. Why would they stop even if they knew how to properly use steroids? The answer is that they would not stop.

Legalization of Marijuana for medical purposes Essays

Legalization of Marijuana for medical purposes Essays Legalization of Marijuana for medical purposes Paper Legalization of Marijuana for medical purposes Paper Proponents of legalizing cannabis for medicinal use suggest the drug could help many who currently suffer from illness and disease. Opponents of the idea assert that the legal drugs currently available provide appropriate relief from relevant symptoms. These different viewpoints have inspired spirited debates. An unbiased assessment of the drugs costs and benefits requires extensive research. Investigations must reveal the drugs ability to alleviate symptoms without creating unsatisfactory side effects. Smoked cannabis clearly helps some problems and may cost less than other medications. Synthetic cannabinoids can also alleviate symptoms of many disorders. Data suggest that cannabinoids can work well alone; they might also function effectively as part of a combination of therapies. For certain disorders, standard medications other than the cannabinoids remain the treatment of choice. Yet given the vast individual differences in reactions to medications, a few people may not improve with standard treatments and may respond better to medical cannabis. There is not enough research on most medical applications of cannabinoids to draw any firm conclusions about efficacy. Further work on marijuanas medical utility appears warranted. (Hans A. Baer, Merrill Singer, Ida Susser, 1997) Controlled studies reveal that cannabinoids can decrease pressure inside the eye for glaucoma patients, alleviate pain, reduce vomiting, enhance appetite, promote weight gain, and minimize spasticity and involuntary movement. Other work suggests additional therapeutic effects for asthma, insomnia, and anxiety. Yet only a few studies have compared cannabinoids to established treatments for these problems. Case studies and animal research suggest that the drug may also help a host of other medical and psychological conditions. These include seizures, tumors, insomnia, menstrual cramps, premenstrual syndrome, Crohns disease, tinnitus, schizophrenia, adult attention deficit disorder, uncontrollable violent episodes, post-traumatic stress disorder, and, surprisingly, drug addiction. The cases may provide enough evidence to stimulate researchers to conduct randomized clinical trials examining the impact of cannabinoids on these problems. (Erich Goode, 2001) The evidence of marijuanas effectiveness for treating each of these medical conditions appears below. Surgical Pain A more practical approach to the study of marijuanas analgesic effects involves using the drug after surgery. Studies of THC-induced analgesia after surgery report either mixed or positive results. In one study, men who needed four molars pulled had they removed in four separate sessions under four different conditions. They received placebo, diazepam (an anti-anxiety medication), and two different doses of THC prior to tooth extraction. Results were mixed. This study is often cited as evidence that THC produced no analgesia. In fact, 3 participants rated the low dose as good or excellent and preferred it to the placebo; 6 others preferred placebo to THC. The high dose of THC was the least desirable of all the treatments. The results suggest that marijuana may relieve pain for a subset of individuals but not others and then only at an optimal dose. A study of pain from trauma or surgery revealed that levonantradol, a synthetic version of THC, reduced pain more than a placebo. This evidence suggests that cannabinoids may show some promise in the treatment of acute pain, but tells little about the potential for handling more chronic conditions. (Peter J. Cohen, 2006) Headache One recurring painful condition that may benefit from cannabis treatment is headache. Migraine, a form of headache that often includes severe throbbing accompanied by disturbed vision, chills, sweating, nausea, and vomiting, can be extremely debilitating. Bright lights, loud sounds, or pungent odors can initiate the pain. Symptoms often begin with visual disturbances like seeing flashes or auras. Then sufferers feel extreme tension and fatigue. Eventually, a pulsing begins, sometimes on only one side of the head, where blood vessels outside the cranium dilate. These expanded arteries activate nerve fibers in the scalp, causing absolute agony. In the United States, roughly 23 million people suffer from these headaches. One-fourth of these individuals have at least four migraine attacks a month. Most of these people have their first severe headache before they turn 20. Productivity lost to migraine may cost up to $17. 2 billion per year. Treatments for this form of headache remain imperfect. Biofeedback, which trains people to use relaxation and imagery to change blood flow, has proven particularly helpful. With as little as eight sessions of proper therapy, people can learn to shrink the arteries or decrease the blood flow at the site of the pain, bringing meaningful relief to a headache. Several medications help alleviate symptoms for some sufferers, but fail to help 30% of people. These drugs also produce aversive side effects in up to 66% of patients. The disadvantages of these medications led some migraine sufferers to try marijuana. Physicians have prescribed cannabis for headache since as early as 1874. Advocates of the treatment protested when it was removed from the U. S. Pharmacopoeia in 1942. Marijuana may have an advantage over other painkillers, such as the opiates, because cannabis not only combats headache pain, but it also inhibits the nausea and vomiting associated with migraine. Investigators have not conducted clinical trials to support marijuanas efficacy as a headache treatment, but case reports abound. Users claim that smoking cannabis at the first sign of symptoms can combat the entire episode. Investigations on animals suggest that a specific brain region involved in migraine, the periaqueductal gray, contains many cannabinoid receptors. This basic research, coupled with the case reports, led the Institute of Medicine to suggest that further work on cannabinoids and migraine is warranted. Ideal studies could compare cannabis products to established medications to help verify the utility of the drug. If cannabinoids prove equally effective with fewer side effects and lower costs, they might make a superb addition to the available treatments for migraines. Combinations of cannabinoids and other medications might also prove particularly useful. (James R. Mcdonough, 2000) Pain Patients seek medical assistance for pain more often than any other symptom. People experience a variety of pains that include diffuse, throbbing pressures or sharp, specific aches. Entire journals devote volumes to research on pain treatment. Some therapies are quite simple and cause few side effects. For example, a mere placebo can minimize pain in 16% of surgery patients. Relatively simple behavioral interventions also decrease pain. Symptoms often vary with tension and mood. Thus, relaxation, stress reduction, and biofeedback can help significantly. Alternative treatments, like acupuncture, alleviate symptoms in some studies but not others, perhaps depending on the intensity and location of the pain. Despite the success of other treatments, pharmacological interventions remain extremely popular remedies for pain. The simplest include aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, and other over-the-counter analgesics. Americans consume over 10,000 tons of these drugs a year. They are relatively cheap, have few side effects at appropriate dosages, and work well for mild pain. Nevertheless, they all can be toxic. An aspirin overdose can damage stomach lining, liver, and kidneys. A dozen acetaminophen tablets can kill a child. Other pain killers that help severe symptoms include opiates like morphine and codeine. These work quite well even for extreme distress, inducing analgesia and an indifference to pain. People take them to recover from acute stressors like surgery. Chronic pain patients may have pumps installed in their spinal cords to release these drugs continuously. The primary drawbacks of the opiates concern their potential lethality and high liability for abuse and dependence. Opiate overdoses can be fatal. People develop tolerance quickly and often increase their doses with continued use. Withdrawal from these drugs includes extremely aversive flu-like symptoms and spastic muscle twitches. Thus, alternative pain medications with fewer problems could prove extremely helpful. An ideal analgesic would have little potential for abuse but still provide inexpensive, rapid, complete relief without side effects. No single drug has all of these qualities for treating the many types of pain. Thus, investigators have developed a multitude of analgesics. Cannabis may make a promising addition to this list. Physicians have used marijuana to alleviate pain since the beginning of the first century, when Pliny the Elder, the Roman naturalist, recommended it. The Asian surgeon Hua To used cannabis combined with alcohol as an anesthetic by 200 A. D. In modern times, clinical lore and case studies support cannabis-induced analgesia. A case study reveals that oral THC can reduce phantom limb pain- the odd, aversive sensations that seem to come from amputated body parts. Another case shows that smoked marijuana can alleviate the pain of arthritis. A third suggests a tincture of cannabis can relieve tooth and gum distress. This evidence generates intriguing hypotheses but cannot prove that effects stem from expectancy rather than genuine pharmacology. Given the dramatic impact of placebos on pain, examinations of expectancy remain extremely important. Different types of research have addressed the analgesic powers of smoked marijuana or the cannabinoids. In addition to these case studies, formal projects with larger samples also focus on this issue. These projects include tests of marijuanas painkilling effects on laboratory-induced discomfort, as well as pain from surgery, headache, and chronic illnesses like cancer. (Ralph A. Weisheit, 1996) Conclusion The future for cannabis holds many possibilities. Research on the cannabinoids and their receptors will undoubtedly continue to tell more about the human mind and body. This work could reveal additional information about the brain and immune system. Further work can test the efficacy of marijuana and the cannabinoids as medical treatments. Data on the long-term health effects of the drug could address many unanswered questions, particularly those concerning the lung and brain. Techniques may evolve to limit the drugs negative consequences, like recent efforts to develop the vaporizer to reduce noxious components of smoke. Treatments for problem users could improve. In addition, laws related to the drug may change. (Alan W. Bock, 2000) References Alan W. Bock (2000) Waiting to Inhale: The Politics of Medical Marijuana; Seven Locks, 286 pgs. Erich Goode (2001), Marijuana; Atherton, 197 pgs Hans A. Baer, Merrill Singer, Ida Susser, (1997) Medical Anthropology and the World System: A Critical Perspective; Bergin Garvey, 277 pgs. Peter J. Cohen (2006) Medical Marijuana, Compassionate Use, and Public Policy: Expert Opinion or Vox Populi? Journal article; The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 36. James R. Mcdonough (2000) Marijuana on the Ballot Journal article; Policy Review, 2000. Ralph A. Weisheit (1996) Domestic Marijuana: A Neglected Industry; Greenwood Press, 196 pgs.