Scarlet Letter, Ethan from, Lesson Before Dying Essay Example for Free

Scarlet Letter, Ethan from, Lesson Before Dying EssayMany people puree to overlook the prison that suppresses them, but fail to because of their clean-living obligations to themselves and others. Edith Whartons Ethan Frome, Ernest J. Gaines A Lesson Before Dying and Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter, portray the struggles one acquires through their own conduct. Ethan in Ethan Frome, r apiece in A Lesson Before Dying and Hester in Scarlet Letter each try to elude their life dilemmas, but are hindered due to their obligations. Ethan is compel to his wife though he lambs Mattie, while Grant is obligated to his union, but needs to leave. Hester accepts her punishment but wants to be within society though they shunned her. Wharton, Gaines and Hawthorne all use various language devices to accentuate the gain of self-regard and respect through moral struggle. In Ethan Frome, Wharton uses symbols and archetypes to create Ethans anguish to his moral obligation to his wife Zeena which keeps him from his neat love, Mattie. His moral prison is get toed with the headstone of another Ethan Frome and his wife that bores that they dwelled together in peace for fifty dollar bill years, which interests Ethan (Frome 66).Later on, his own neighbors dont see t presents much difference between the Fromes up at the farm and the Fromes shovel in in the graveyard (Frome 140). The symbol of the Fromes down in the graveyard establishes Ethans similarities to the dead illustrating his moral obligation to Zeena for eternity (Frome 140). When Ethan feels Zeenas presence, coincidently Zeenas grey cat elongates its body in the direction of the milk-jug, which stood between Ethan and Mattie (Frome 69).The cat then tries an undetected retreat and backs into the red pickle-dish, which falls on the floor with a crash (Frome 69). The color archetypes of ? red establish Ethan and Matties love while the ? grey cat establishes Zeena who breaks their love, the dish. Ethan is for invariably and a day besieged by Zeena even when lacking her presence. He wants to extend with Mattie yet his obligation to his wife thwarts him from her. When Ethan and Mattie finally reach the point by his mill they descended and the darkness descended with them, drop down like a black veil (Frome 125).The darkness symbolizes Ethans obligation and his moral duty to his wife (Frome 125). He cannot leave her though he scorns her because it is his virtuously obliged to reside by her side. Ethan who concludes to stay with the crippled and the sick gains respect out of the town and for himself by struggling with his obligation. Similar to Wharton, Gaines uses symbols and repetition to illustrate that to deal the moral prison, is to get by back and win the battle. Gaines language devices connect Grants obligation to Jefferson and to society.Grants talk with Matthew Antoine, while he was still in college, proves that a person who does not transport leave still be cold. hell always be cold (Gaines 64). The use of the symbol cold represents the fact that people who do not run will always be trapped with the cold brutality of the south (Gaines 64). When the educated do not run at the right time, they will be frozen in the south and will thusly be obliged to stay and help the rest of the frozen people.While trying to make Jefferson experience life, Grant discloses that all of us on this earth, are a piece of drifting wood, until we? each one of us, individually? decide to become close tothing else. I am still that piece of drifting wood? (Gaines 193). By perceiving Grant is as a piece of drifting wood (Gaines 193). Gaines implies that Grant has still not run because he is like e actuallyone else who is morally obligated to help one another in this disdainful society. Grant is very confounded that he seeks help from an uneducated man and tells him that he needs him.He needs him much more than he could ever need Grant. he needs to know what to do with his life (Gaines 193). The repetition of he needs emphasizes that Grant does not know how to complete his life. He is confined in his prison between social freedom and the freedom of others. Corresponding to Wharton and Gaines, Hawthorne uses repetition and metaphors to establish that Hester struggles to accept her consequences which she believes are just and return to a society where no one trusts her.Hester imprisons herself because she knows that here?had been the scene of her guilt, and here should be the scene of her earthly punishment (Hawthorne 74). The repetition of here further emphasizes that Hester knows she deserves her punishment. Yet she does not want to live in solitude. She is morally obliged to stay away from society though she wants to go. Furthermore, Hester describes her sin, her ignominy, as the roots which she had taken with(p) into the soil, that the chains that bind her here are of iron links, and galling to her inmost soul, but can never be broken (Hawthorne 74).Th e use of metaphors illustrates that Hester morally imprisoned herself therefore it is her moral obligation to go under herself. But she is also chained by society who has shunned her, yet it is also her duty to break the chains. But still she is a moral prisoner because she has to correct herself, but the chains can never be broken (Hawthorne 74). All Hesters attempts to rid herself of shame will only further remind her of the sin she committed. By trying to break the chains, Hester is able to gain some respect from the town knowing that she tried to redeem herself of her sin.Many people try to escape from their moral prison and yet some just accept their fate. The three novels deal with the inner conflict of each character of bringing the moral and immoral solution to their problems. The use of literary devices emphasizes the true meaning of ones struggle. It paints a realistic art show for everyone to interpret in their own way. Either one can fight the moral prison or they can a ccept it and try and move on with life. But to escape the imprisonment is to face the harsh reality of life.

Religion In Prison Philosophy Essay

Religion In Prison Philosophy EssayThere ar many aspects that constitute the day to day life of a human world. Some aspects be do as a outcome of routine while a nonher(prenominal)s ar do as a matter of necessity. Religion is one of the aspects that has over the years continued and still is playing an important role in the life of man. Religion by definition refers to the belief in the existence of a supernatural being to whom both worship, adoration and reverence is given. This discussion looks at life in prison house and how distinct or similar it is with the devotion that is practiced in the friendship. bearing in prison is pretty tough oddly for those who argon getting in there for the first time. It is almost unbearable and most inmates wonder if they feces hardly make in the harsh environment that is trace of prisons. To enable most captives cope with the problematical life crapper bars, prison officials concord introduced different ideas and concepts which are meant to make prisoners forget for sometime that they are behind bars and feel just as if they were in the society (Arthur, 2005).One of the aspects that have been introduced in prisons and one that has proven effective is religion. Until recently, the issue of religion among prisoners has always taken center stage with a debate ranging on whether prisoners have a right or not to practice religion. It was argued that since inclination to a certain religion is granting immunity in itself, prisoners should not be allowed to have this exemption since their freedom is already curtailed by virtue of the fact that they are in prison. After a series of homage battles, it was fixed that prisoners equally have a right to religion and to worship in whichever manner that they deem fit. The method acting of worship chosen by the prisoners however should not be one that contravenes the law (Jim, 2010).Inmates are exclusively allowed to practice the main religious faiths allowed which inc lude Catholicism, Islam, Jewish faith and Protestantism. Inmates are in addition allows to practice Hinduism, manufacturer witness and other native religions that are recognized in the society. Besides being allowed to practice these religions, sometimes the inmates are treated to inspirational programs from men of the cloth who are allowed to come and talk to them and instill in them faith and hope for the future (Michael, 2010).There are many reasons as to why prisoners turn to religion. Life in prison can be very challenging especially if the prisoner is going to come about the next coupling of years behind bars. Some inmates feel like it is the end of the road for them and others go to an extent of wanting to take their lives (Michael, 2010). Religion therefore gives them direction and gives them a reason to want to move over on and give them hope for a better future. Religion also gives inmates a peace of beware which is not easy to find in the life behind bars. Religion also makes a prisoner feel safe from the otherwise harsh and sometimes violent environment of prison (Thomas, 2003).Besides the cocksure impacts that religion is said to have among inmates, it has also been argued that religion has been abused by inmates who use religion to go beyond the limitations of the prison rules and regulations. It is bankd that some prisoners who appear to be deeply rooted in religion in fact use religion to be able to get and pass on forbidden items, what is know as contraband such as drugs, weapons and food to other prisoners at a cost. This allegation has also been supported by the fact that most prisoners who have deep ties in religion while behind bars tend to re-offend once released back into the society. This only goes to reaffirm that indeed, at times religion in prison is only a cover up to be able to do so more without being suspected (Beckford Gillait 2008).Religion has also been said playing an instrumental role in the abut of rehabilitation and behavioral change. Religion has a way of counseling without heavy reprimand and this helps the inmates to see the take aim to change from their wayward ways and fabricate better members of the society. Religion has also helped most prisoners to change their light about their own self. When a prisoner is incarcerated, they are made to feel that they are different from other members of the society. However, religion makes inmates understand that there is no difference between them and other people in the society and that if only they could change from their ways then they could go back to the society and become part of the equal society that view them as different (Jim, 2010).When an accused person is arrested, they are later to taken to court and charged with a particular curse or offence. Once they are found guilty of the crime with which they are charged, they are sentenced and most of them end up being locked behind bars for a couple of years where they serve their sent ences (Arthur, 2005). Life behind bars is punishment enough. Being denied basic rights like ripe(p) food and comfortable shelter and clothing is punishment in itself. Religion has therefore been integrated to become part of the prison life to make it bearable. It is important to note that prisoners should be allowed to carry out all religious practices that are laid out by the faith that they profess provided that the religious practices do not go against the rules and regulations of prisons. No religion should be given preference over the other so that all(prenominal) prisoner should have a right to practice any religion provided it falls under the division of the allowed religions in the country (Jim, 2010).As already mentioned earlier in this discussion, due to the harsh environment that is characteristic of prisons, most prisoners, especially first time offenders find it hard to adjust to the environment. However, statistics indicate that since the introduction of religion in prisons, the environment seems friendlier and bearable and this has helped many prisoners find it easy to adjust to the prison life (Thomas Nathaniel 2003).The get together States of America is one of the countries that have been on the forefront in ensuring that the rights of prisoners as far as freedom of worship and religion is concerned are respected. Although it is still in the this country that many battles have been fought to tally that prisoners get their rights, it was a worthwhile battle because today, prisoners incarcerated in United States of America prisons have been guaranteed unlimited freedom of worship and religion. However, according to the recent court ruling regarding the freedom of religion and worship for inmates, this freedom is curtailed to a certain extent when the safety and function of the prison system is at jeopardy (Jim, 2010).In prison, the variety show of religion practiced is somewhat different with the kind of religion practiced in the society. Due to the great deal up of the prison system, prisoners are forced to practice religion as individuals. However, sometimes, they are allowed to practice as a group as religion in prisons has now been structured anew to allow a more organized kind of setup. The prison officials always organize for prison visits by religious groups from different faiths that come to minister to prisoners. The pastoral care offered by these groups is both for the inmates and also for the correctional officials (Beckford Gillait 2008).There are programs that have been put in place to facilitate such visits and to ensure that religion in prison is practiced smoothly. Besides these programs, some correctional facilities in addition offer contemplative programs like yoga, intermediation and contemplative prayers. Although these practices are viewed by many to be secular, most of the times they are given sponsorship by religious organization on the basis that these practices are very helpful in enabling a prisoner to reform (Thomas Nathaniel 2003).While we can unanimously agree that religion has been very instrumental in making prisons better places and making the environmental more bearable, we must also agree that enough is heretofore to be done to make the impact of religion in prisons in force(p)y felt especially among the prisoners. by chance due to the numerous debates on the curtailing of prisoners right to enjoy the freedom of religion, most prisoners have not enjoyed to the full the integration of religion in prisons (Jim, 2010).Perhaps the first query we can ask ourselves is whether indeed prisons occupy religion. The answer to this question is a resounding yes based on the above discussion. Then the next question to which we need an answer is what more can be done to make the impacts of religion in prison felt in a greater way? The first thing that needs to be done to ensure that religion impacts prisoners in a great and effective way is to make prisoners feel tha t they are a part of the society. In many prisons, almost all, prisoners are alienated both physically and psychologically from the rest of the society and they are made to feel that they are different from other people in the society. This means that even when religion is integrated in prisons, prisoners are made to feel that it is a estimation that is being done to them. Therefore, if the correction officials, the federal government and the society at large can get viewing prisoners as ordinary people who have only brushed with the law the wrong way, then it would be easier for religion to have an even greater impact among incarcerated inmates (Beckford Gillait 2008).If religion among inmates can be heighten in a greater way that it is being done presently, then we can reduce cases of inmates who re-offend later being released. This would also reduce by a great margin the rate of crime in the society as it is believed that most heinous crimes that are committed are by hardcor e criminals who have already done one or more jail terms (Arthur, 2005). I therefore believe that the role played by religion is great and one that should not be underestimated.

Waste To Wealth Program Environmental Sciences Essay

Waste To Wealth Program surroundingsal Sciences Essayurban and arcadian aras of India shit so much dribble daily and harm by many types of pollutions which ar increasing truly fast in terms of argona and surroundings. Most of households of urban bea atomic number 18 non using dustbin or not checkting facilities to put their internal refuse and they with on the road and way. This practise is miscellanea into bad habit because of lack of facilities and knowledge. pack are suffering from air pollution, water supply pollution and soil pollution even they move to finished the garbage anywhere. People expect their neat and absolved environment even they dont know how to get it. In these days mint are using ductiles and it is give out a fail of a life, which produce the chemic poisons. galore(postnominal) hazardous bumble in urban comes from industries and factories a handle which are the release so many damaging chemical except an some different offi ce we provoke recycle units are win overing in the utilitarian elements. In the unsophisticated area farmers are overly involve to use the chemical fertilizers so debark is becoming unproductive land. Anformer(a) affair plastic products are also dominating in the uncouth area and cause of degrading land and rural cattle also are eating this thats why cattles death happening in the rural area. Because of environment displace it is necessary to protect and change the demeanour of muckle. We need to change our habits and protect our health, soundly-being by providing reasonable measures and information for re-use and diminution the consumption of plastics and throwing the garbage outsides.In the cities households are wasting food and plastics and throw on the road and few places and in the colonies and real-states colonies households dont ready option to separate their domestic garbage so they use to put in one plastic bag and put on municipal- starty garbage-bin. Reducin g, reusing, recycling and observeing of flub behavior ground behave be changes our environment. by this concept it may treating and safely disposing of louse upland and it is possible to preserve the pollution and eco system of logical degradation. Through the uncivilized our youth domiciliate get habit and bottom promote the economic and social development. In this activity so many hoi polloi are under the target and focus group, which may become benefactive role and part of this plan. In many states endure rag-pickers in various places that are involving to bespeak the garbage and part of our social and economic situation. They are not conscious(predicate) about their health because of fiscal problem and education. train the rag-pickers and unemployed youth, it is possible to promote and ensuring the effectual lurch of waste from household and they leave alone pay some amount of services in weekly or monthly. In this service households depart get twain sepa rate bin for plastics and food wastage and unemployed youth can get employment with done promotion. nourishment waste should not be waste which can be converting into compost and vermi-compost, and farmers can get bio-fertilizers or manure with low price and collaboration with recycler industries, rag-pickers can get good amount and make better bread and butter standard. In this chopine public place and productive land go away be loot from waste and make prisoner from contamination.Genetics the problem.Only households are not responsible to create problem even school, colleges nap or canteen, restaurants, hotels, offices and theaters and mandies or markets, these are the things direct throw the garbage outsides. Mostly garbage goes to drainage and discard the drains which become a cause to create odor and mosquitoes etc. and drainage goes to some water picks and by means of the bruising chemicals. Harmful chemicals reach to cultivated field through supply channel of wate r resources and also animals are affecting to drink and human. galore(postnominal) states government have many schemes to control pollution and garbage on the road and they have different system to manage these things through municipal party. In Uttar Pradesh at Kanpur, so many industries are releasing the toxic chemicals in the river, as sanitary as institutions and households are also caused of garbage. Chromium (harmful chemical), which has two forms, trivalent hexavalent and when chromium salts change from trivalent to hexavalent, which depend on the pH, it become poison and cause of cancer. Another thing is cattle and animals who loitering here and there, they are taking garbage as a feed and dying. Grand truck main road to Allahabad at Kanpur has dumping problem of hazardous waste and citizen are suffering from bad odor and dirty place and in the rainy season stack use to suffer from dirty water. People do not have safe drinking water and who are taking water from bore-wel l which is just 100 feet away from sludge heaps along the roadside.Many tones mixed waste comes from city to near rural area of district Lucknow and most of places of side of highway road are masking piece by garbage. Through the mixed garbage use-full gas can produce and the actual energy balance to see whether the energy plant testament be a consumer or producer of power, at enormous cost to the taxpayer. Plant is getting 200-400 tons/day of pure organic waste and 50 percent organic content in mixed waste and in among they are getting banana leaves waste, which is as halting in the plant but they could go for vermi-compost. Many stakeholders are active to manage the waste and they are supporting to implementing agencies (govt. or cloak-and-dagger). Waste management agencies are getting waste from UP Kisan Mandi Parisad and plant has good source to get waste to produce biogas through gas buffer tank. here genetic problem means follow the others habits and hierarchical activity. Ein truth people know that if they testament throw the garbage on public place, other people will affect including them also. This activity is continuing since many decades and also some effort are using against this activity but people are not aware about it. In the waste management, rag-pickers are playing very(prenominal) important role and they are reducing or make safe place from some poisons, which are the harmful for human. In this nation population is growing very fast and they do not have opportunity to live in tight-laced place and they also encroaching the place and another thing is who will manage the waste releasing by households. Their children are also doing continue same activity, some(prenominal) they observe around them, if they do not have knowledge and right place (environment) to live and analyze from difficulties. Households are having mentality of use and throw things and they do not want re-use the things. In India we dont have tonicity technique to re cycles the wastes and children of rag pickers family also forced by their parents. They are suffering from some diseases and some harmful things like, metals, needles, infected things etc. before taking food they are not washing hand decent and usually not wearing slippers or shoes.Program particlesClean and commonality environment of urban and rural get up specie (employment) from waste for unemployed execrable people boorish and urban assimilateion nubble ( class instruction execution meaning)Make better life of rag-pickers diverge the behaviour of people (BCC)Soil rehabilitate by waste compost (organic)Plantation get together with recycle industries and linkage with different stakeholdersClean and viridity environment of urban and ruralProgram have some objective to implement this series of steps to be carried out and seeing to sustainability of architectural plan it is necessary to good outcome. Where platformme is liberation to implement, that context will have so me expectation to get better environment. Program will work on both contexts urban and rural which is part of this program and both are very important to implement this program. Program will rear the two types of bin for plastics and decayable. From the urban area, garbage will come to units and it will be convert into vermi-compost or pit-compost so urban area will safe from dirty place and polluted environment and same strategy could be run as well as rural area can get vermi-compost in cheap price for productivity of their land.Make money (employment) from waste for unemployed poor peopleIn the urban and rural area most of people, specially poor youth are not getting employment, so interested people and youth can get job or employment through this program and in this process without invest that much financial things to make money to produce organic fertilizer as well as clean and green environment. Employee will collect the garbage from household for giving services weekly and they.Rural and urban collection center (program execution of instrument center)For producing the organic fertilizer and separation of recyclable components units to be necessary and whatever material will collect from urban after that it will go to centers for processing of compost and package of plastic to head recycle industries. Centers are main point to decide the all activities of fixed location, from where employee will get their information and delivery of material from households to center.Make better life of rag-pickersIn this program only people are not involve even rag-pickers have good option to join this program. Rag-pickers collect different type of recyclable things. They have good environment to learn many things to improve their skill and knowledge and as well program will change their behavior because they are not aware about their health and suffering from various diseases. Program will raise some classes and certificate material to collect garbage. They wil l get some trainings of how to act before, during and after collect the garbage. Through this program they will get good carnal and financial status as well as social also.Change the behavior of people (BCC)Avoiding and reducing the generation of waste through the cost of reflective and increase or create the awareness. Program want to change the spare habit of people which are the harmful for their health and environment and continuity of unnecessary habits affect to others and create problem of their selves. In this activity people will know and be aware about pollution. Generally Rag-pickers suffer big problems of health because of unawareness and they do not use protection elements during collect the garbage. Their habits are a hierarchical so through the program their parents and same alliance can get facilities. Through the behavior change program would like to increase reuse and recycling range of products and reduce the percentage of recyclable material to landfill.Soil rehabilitate by waste compost (organic)Rural area has good opportunity to rehabilitate the land and farmers also can get vermi-compost in cheap rate. It is possible to produce the organic fertilizers through the garbage which will come from urban waste and rural waste. This program has units near to rural area so it is easy to reach the rural and farmers also can approach to units.PlantationIt is necessary to ensure the protection of the environment through the effective waste management. In these days urbanization is happening very fast so which is cause of deforestation. So as well as organic farming and soil rehabilitation, urban and rural area will get grove facilities which will help to make green and good environment. It may possible to get financial potentiality by fruit plant and plantation on the side of road will provide the timbre to passer. In the rural area people could get fuel for food and could also earn from it.Collaborate with recycle industries and linkage with different stakeholdersThe first focus of this program is to achieve the objectives of waste hierarchy which is confine of broad and economic perspective related and collaboration is necessary activity of this program which will process the objects. The program will collaborate to recycle industries, municipal party, government and privet market and institutions. Many stakeholders are involve in this program and they are the main components of this program who are the part of program success pauperism assessmentDemographyThis program will run in the cities of Uttar Pradesh and there are waste is very big problem and people need the solution of this problem. On the basis of data this program will select the cities and rural area where program could fulfill the all problematic situations. Most of cities are going to finish their popularity and tourism is also going to reduce or to be affected, because of odour and dirty places. union needsCommunity will have some expectation from t his program and also conjunction is part of it. It is made by based on their needs and with seeing the difficulties of community program will crusade to fulfill their expectation or needs. Based on the screw and data some area will cover by this program. Urban households will get some services to remove the garbage and people will get relief from dirty or polluted place. Other stakeholders (schools college or universities mess, hotels, restaurants, markets, shopping meat and other institutions etc) also will get facilities and they need their neat and clean environment which is help to verify their quality if life also. This program will fill the some community needNeat and clean environmentEmploymentIncome generationProtect the healthPrevent the pollutionSustainable developmentMake better lifeCommunity resourcesProgram has specific target groups who want to fulfill their needs and in effect(p) their life and economic part. Community resource means, how can they contribute in this program. Community contribution is must for it and they will contribute. Based on their needs and structure of program, the most essential part of some experience of the approach is to group for waste management which is show the value chain a series of steps, which will be based on the descending order of priority. Waste cannot be avoid by community because they knows very well, it will create problem in the future and this is not become waste for them. Households and other institution or stakeholders will pay for services and unemployed youth will get employment to collect it and rag-pickers also will get money and from collaborated recycle industries through this program.Vision and Mission of the programVisionAdvancing livelihood through waste management as well as green clean environmentMissionPoverty reduction of community throughPhases of the programPhase 1Phase 2Phase 3Period3 years4 years3 yearsFocusReach to households and other stakeholdersTo protect health, provide well being and environmentChange the behavior of people to reduce, reuse, recover the waste.Coverage4 Cities of Utter PradeshExpansion program in other areasReach to rural area for remediation for pollute landActivitiesWaste avoidance reduction through services,Recovery, reuse recycling the wasteTreatment processingOutcomesClean and green environmentPollution step down environmentReducing the poverty from waste Income generate by itselfLogical frameworkIntervention logicObjective verified indicatorMeans of verificationPre-condition AssumptionGoal- Reducing, re-using, recycling and recovering waste.Promoting and ensuring the effective delivery of waste servicesIdentified the focus groupTheir living standardIdentified the location put one over the primary secondary dataPeople unaware about environment and unknown from reduce, reuse and recoverObjectives- To change the behaviour of people to reduce, reuse and recover of waste by recycling. To make the clean and green environmen t with effective waste management. To provide the employment for people with waste management. press forward to farmers for cost effective farming with organic fertilizersInvolve the unemployment people, rag-pickers, people and other stakeholdersImpact of program through feedbackThe act of discoverChange the behaviour of peopleMake better life of rag-pickersOutput-Organise the citizen and peopleGood environmentwell-being and income generationMake better living standardReduce the waste through change the behaviourReduce the generation of wastePrevention of pollution and ecological degradationRemediation of contaminated landRecover the all dirty places of citiesInputFunds, infrastructure of units, skilled and unskilled human resourceInitial investmentImplementationMonitoringEvaluate the programImpact study of per event nigh institution is working in this field but not effective and in a proper wayFirst focus group will be households in the urban and rural area, from where primary was te will come and they will get two types of bin plastics and decayable things.Collection garbage from households and othersEmployee will collect the garbage weekly and households and other institution will pay of service on weekly with take receipts.Collect the plastics and other metalRag-pickers are very important part to make clean and safe the public place. Work with the rag-pickers and collect by them the plastics and other recyclable elements which spread the harmful chemicals and pollute the environment.Recover and separation of materialAfter collection the input, it will go to the separation units where other employees will cover the material and make separate it and also maintain the document and register of covering the households and tally the paying receipts.Use for compost and recycleAfter separation the material employee will send it for recycling to recycle industries and decayable things for vermi or pit-compost.GoalReducing, re-using, recycling and recovering waste.P romoting and ensuring the effective delivery of waste servicesObjectivesTo change the behaviour of people to reduce, reuse and recover of waste by recycling.To make the clean and green environment with effective waste managementTo provide the employment for people with waste management.Facilitate to farmers for cost effective farming with organic fertilizers.Note- Nothing is waste until you make it wasteMethodology / implementationProgram will run by staff member and employees and support of other stakeholder and in the program, program manager will make strategy to work on particular location and linkage with govt. and private institution and establish the some awareness program and campaign and control the all staff of location. Here area manager will define the location and implement the program and make report to the program manager. He will conduct the all meeting of employees and arrange the all needs of units. Here marketing manager has responsibility to search the market of organic products and make strategy to direct reach to farmers and others. supervisor will control the all employee and see the problem of area and facilitate to collection centre and as well as accountant will make and prepare all document and record of financial things.EvaluationCost-effectiveness of the programProgram has initial investment and it will provide the some necessary facilities which is prevent the possibility of future investment.Community satisfactionCommunity will fulfil their needs through the program and get some services and benefits and they have some contribution without extra effort and financial things. advance of goalsWork with community and other stakeholders and fulfil their needs as well as program will reach to own goals and fulfil the all objects.Program sustainabilityIn the development sector people are working for poverty reduction and promoting livelihood etc. with various strategic plan and community also adopting this kind of strategy because the y have to reduce their poverty and get better livelihood. One side people are focusing to get money and better living status but another side they also facing problem of poor health and environment. They know what they are doing but they dont know which shock absorber is affecting of their life. People are wasting so much what is part of their financial and environment. This program is considering and care to the next generation and community also care of their generation but they do not mobilize that their next generation will suffer in the future.Waste management program will provide the facilities to many stakeholders and focus on the future and next generation and how they can get good environment and better livelihood through waste management. Program think that nothing is waste until you make it waste and waste is the source of economic and it is possible to make better life through waste management. Urban people will get neat and clean and pollution free environment with t heir contribution in the program as well as unemployed people will get employment to provide services to household and other institutions through this program and rag-pickers have so many benefits to work on it and they will get good standard of life and can reduce their poverty and poor health. monetary guidelineInitial invest is very necessary for this program which is consider the one of the base of program and aim of program is provide the facilities to community which will be consume the financial things of dustbins and the units of collection centre and arrangement of units and some instruments for producing the vermi and pit composts. For collection the garbage employee need the some vehicle, so in that program need sufficient fund to cover all needs, obviously it depend on the area or location of the implementing program. Program has also thought of protection of their employee because of they will work on the dirty component so they have to secure their life first and after that they can protect or secure of others life. Program need the approximate fund Rs.5 crore. cater structure and qualificationSr. no.StaffQualification1Program Manager express graduate and computer knowledge2 orbital cavity managerGraduate in engineering and computer knowledge3Marketing managerPost graduate and computer knowledge4Supervisor10+2 and computer knowledge5AccountantGraduate in account and computer knowledgeWay forwardThis program has very long vision to run it and in the future it would like to some technical aspect like GPS system, what will help to know the covering area or location and selected area. Linkage with different stakeholders and work on other social work related to environment and livelihood of people and which could make better life. Through the plantation and organic cultivation, program could promote JLG and producer group and provide the education of other facilities to rag-pickers.Conclusion-This program has very specific concept to remove unnecessar y thins from social and environment and work with community and focus group. For sustainable development it is possible to reach the program goal and fulfil the objectives. Program will work with different stakeholders and staff members and make better living standard with income generation from waste. Most comely thing is people involvement and they could change their behaviour.

Professionalism in teaching

Professionalism in in createA Search of teacher Professionalism. A private reproval through the Lenses of a Traditional, Conflict scheme, Neo Liberal and Critical Perspective.In a recent Guardian Secret instructor article (2015) adept school leader explains how they feel lost, set adrift, since the last update to the Ofsted followup guidance.I procedured to think I k overbold the rules for inspections I built my travel on it.Is this a reflection of the bowment barter today? piss teachers been re- masterised under the scrutiny of performativity as put forward by ball (2003). I aim to lease these ideas looking at the role of the original with conk outicular speech pattern on my study feelings of victorism.I joined the teaching profession to make a difference or that is sure how it felt. My close to become a teacher was built upon a desire to regularise the life chances of new-fashioned large number. But having entered the profession with seemingly noble inte ntions what change of profession claim I joined? What sort of skipper forgo I become?The nature of skipperism has been field of study to much scholarly debate. It has crimson been suggested (Whitty, 2000) that a profession is whatever hunting lodge thinks it is and and then this could mean we fix to consider professionalism in a personal context. In order to cover the fantasy of professionalism I first need to strain to define the limit professionalism for myself. The terms professional and professionalism mean different things to different people.Through my readings well-nigh professionalism thither appear to be four main structures with which to consider the concept of professionalism. I will examine each of these stances and reflect on my protest sense of professionalism through these lenses. Ultimately attempting to consider each perspectives utility for my experience practice.TraditionalTraditional views of professionalism argon largely based on occupations a like medicine and law (Demirkasimoglu, 2010). These professions hurt graduate(prenominal) status and pay tho likewise high levels of autonomy. For this reason occupations like teaching ar handed-d gively accepted as quasi professional in that Bureaucratic hold in.fills the need for coordination by limiting the semiprofessionals discretion or autonomy (Leiter, 1981 pp225) in that respect argon many aspects of teaching that I believe correlate with the traditional view of a professional. Teachers provide a public service, require technical knowledge and skills, and are driven by a moral imperative. I would conform myself with these principles and therefore to any(prenominal) extent with the view that teaching is a traditional profession and that I myself am a professional from a traditional perspective. Teaching as an occupation does tho differ from traditional professions. Teachers are subject to much judicatureal control than both lawyers and doctors and although the responsibility of pedagogics is vast it could be argued that it is non as large as those of self-direction and health. When considering my sustain sense of professionalism from a traditional perspective, I also dubiety if there is a further distinction mingled with modern teaching and the traditional view of professionalism.Traditional professions afford a signifi bottomt sum of money of distance between the client and the practitioner. Within teaching, due to the regular fundamental interaction between client and practitioner and the nature of the familys that are formed this nonliteral distance is not so extensive. This idea leads me to consider the changes that may pass occurred to teacher professionalism as the role of teacher has altered over the by century. Teachers are expected to be more than imparters of knowledge and as the emphasis on their role has shifted so too has the potential for teachers to be considered alongside doctors and lawyers as traditional pro fessionals. From a personal perspective I feel it hard to align my own feelings of professionalism with the traditional view that would separate teaching as a high status profession from other occupations. As much of a teachers impart is conducted through direct client interaction and the relationship that is formed is an essential part of successful practice, much like nurses and social workers, this consigns teaching to remain quasi professional and for me to not consider myself a teacher in the fully traditional sense.Conflict schemeAnother view point on the nature of the professional back tooth be gained from Conflict Theory. Conflict Theory originates from bolshie vox populi. Macdonald (1995) suggests that from a Marxist standpoint it is not the knowledge that makes a professional high status but the value of this knowledge to the capitalist schema. then the professionals maintain structures in society by ensuring that positions are monopolised. Conflict Theory proposes that the social relationships of differing conventions are built upon power and exploitation. Thus it is suggested that in effect the facts of life system is organised to ensure that power is exercised and different pigeonholings at heart society exploited.Ozga (1987) defines teacher professionalism as a form of articulate control with teachers being subject to direct or indirect rule by the state as political, economic, social and cultural circumstances determined. This suggests that the state is using professionalism as a means to gain desired outcomes.When we hear from all sides the demand for an mental institution of regular curricula and special examinations the reason behind it is, of course, not a all at once awakened thirst for knowledge but the desire for restricting the try of these positions and their monopolization by the owners of gentilityal certificates(weber, cited in Gerth and Wright Mills 1946, pp 242)Analysing the arguments made by conflict possibleness about the role of professionals in society fills me with personal disquiet and apprehension. Conflict Theory suggests a role of the professional that importantly differs from my own feelings of morality, integrity and service. I believe that I entered the teaching profession to be of value. I see the role of a teacher as potentially immense in single lives. Teachers collapse the opportunity to better the academic ability and achievement of their students but also to devote wreak on their development as people. To suggest that part of the role of professionals, and therefore teachers, is to ensure that groups within society are restricted and that the structure of society maintained is, for me, and I would suggest many others within teaching, unpalatable.This does not however mean that this is an incorrect standpoint. It would be hard to argue that the teachers professionalism has been used by the state to manipulate the profession into certain modes of deportment. The teachers standards (2011) indeed define the behaviour and attitudes which set the required standard for conduct throughout a teachers career.I find it difficult to square this particular circle. I see no problem with the statements made within the Teachers Standards but there still remains a discordancy between this view of an imposed professionalism and my own feelings of myself as a professional. Whatever the larger political structures that we live and work under this does not mean we have to fulfil the role suggested.Evans (2008) sees professionalism more as a sum of individuals professionality orientation. The plural of how a group of individuals perceive their own professionalism. Professionalism is co constructed by the actions and beliefs on individuals who make up the profession. I believe strongly in the role of teachers to break norms in society and enable those that are less fortunate to succeed. Conflict Theory may suggest that systems would make this difficult however I do not feel that this in any way defines myself as a professional. Conflict Theory suggests a view of teachers as an occupational group with a professionalism defined by the state. Is the individual sense of professionality orientation as outlined by Evans not a better measure of an individuals professionalism? Or as Gewirtz stated.. teachers are not the dormant dupes of classical Marxism, unwittingly co-opted as get alongnts of the state they are active agents resisting state control strategies and forcing their employers to refine and rework those strategies. (Gewirtz, cited in Hextall et al 2007, pp39)Considering all of the points to a higher place I do not feel that the conclusions from Conflict Theory cooperate to define an individual teacher as a professional. I certainly do not feel that they help to define me as a professional. A sense of professionalism seems more personal than that which can be provided by broad statements defined by the state.Neo-LiberalWe live in an age of high levels of external accountability. Ofsted, School league tables, the National Curriculum and performance link up pay are just some of the high stake measures which have been introduced over the past thirty years.Gewirtz (2002) argues that the restructuring of the reproduction system has been part of the raze of welfarism whilst introducing motorcoachialist forms of control and increased centralisation. This is seen as part of a Neo-Liberal approach to make believe competition and markets where previously there were none. This Neo-Liberal agenda has significantly shifted the role of the professional.The preferent strategy of the neo-liberal marketisers has been deregulation of the profession.. (Gleeson Husbands, 2001, pp287)Dale (1989) describes a shift in the mode of state regulation of teacher professionalism. Regulation has altered professionalism from a licenced form of autonomy to a more tightly controlled regulated autonomy. These views do not agree with assumption s that teachers have been moving towards a professional status double to that which has been attained by the traditional professions of Medicine and Law.The march of the Neo-Liberal agenda has resulted in a struggle over the teachers sole ( oaf 2003 pp 217). Ball suggests that the introduction of much(prenominal) performativity has led to an erosion of the traditional professional values, a shift in professional identity and the meaning of professional for teachers. This has led to the emergence of a new kind of professional with differing professional values.I can describe with some of the new professional values that Ball (2003) identifies. The increased levels of performativity have altered the way the profession as a whole behaves and I think individual views of their own professionalism. I can recognize with some of the traits Ball attributes to the new managers.Thus the work of the manager, the new hero of educational reform, involves instilling the attitude and culture wi thin which workers feel themselves accountable and at the same time committed or personally invested in the organisation (Ball, 2003, pp219)Whilst recognising the negative spin that Ball is placing on this role I also would suggest that the new managers have helped improve the education system thought accountability and coronation measures. I do see these attributes as part of my own professional identify.However Ball continues by suggesting that part of the manager role is to create a docile (and capable) workforce. I do not see this as something that is part of my professional identify. I feel that we should be developing teachers who are able to question and drive the profession forward. Who have extended professionality (Hoyle, 1975, pp 318), an ability to have a much wider view of what education involves.Whilst Ball is strongly questioning the use of performativity and the values of the new professionalism that has arisen from its use I find that some, but not all, of these va lues do align with my own feelings of professionalism.Critical Perspectives.More recent perspectives on professionalism suggest that we exponent rethink professionalism to be about how we do what we do, rather than an acquired status. Whitty (2008) moves beyond the capriciousness of educational reforms being used to de-professionalise teachers but instead for these to be an attempt at re-professionalisation. There is acknowledgement that educational reform has brought about changes in professionalism but that this may be constructing a new type of professional potentially more appropriate to contemporary needs.Hargreaves (2000) identified four ages of professionalism the pre-professional age, the age of the autonomous professional, the age of the collegial professional and post-professional or postmodern. The fourth age, post-professional or postmodern, which Hargreaves believes the profession is moving into (or has already entered) is characterised by a struggle between groups or forces which are onerous to de-professionalise the work of teaching and groups or forces who are trying to redefine teacher professionalism.One possible outcome of these processes is a new, postmodern professionalism that is broader, more flexible and more democratically inclusive of groups distant teaching and their concerns than its predecessors. (Hargreaves, 2000, pp167).These are some of the attributes that would be clear in postmodern professionalism.Whitty (2008) categorises the teachers into two distinct groups. The new entrepreneurs and the old collectivists. Both Whitty and Hargreaves are suggesting we are at time of change in teacher professionalism. But contradictory the new managers defined by Ball (2003) the new entrepreneurs who have embraced the ever-changing educational agenda have gained more potential status and rewards, including broader development opportunities and a limited degree of autonomy. So rather than managing the line of performativity the new en trepreneurs have the opportunity to help re define teacher postmodern professionalism.It does feel that the work of teachers has altered even within my own professional life. I would suggest that the life-sustaining perspective lens allows for potentially the superlative reflection into my own thoughts of professionalism. As previously mentioned I can identify with some of the traits Ball (2003) attributes to the new managers. When these professional attributes are considered from a critical perspective lens I begin to feel that I can form some stronger opinions as to my own professional identity.The traditional professional has some features that are in common with my own professional identify. However, the client-professional relationship that is formed within the work of teachers leads me to believe that I cannot align my own professionalism with these traditional beliefs. Whist Conflict Theory and a Neo-Liberal analysis allow us to consider the role that the state has, and is, playing on teacher professionalism I do feel that that the role the state is playing defines me as a professional.Evans (2008) proposes that professionalism is not something that is an idealised concept. Professionalism has to be something that people actually do not something that government or any other agency thrusts upon them. Therefore professionalism has a very personal context. I believe that I hold some of the professional attributes that would be associated with the new managers described by Ball (2003) and the new entrepreneurs described by Whitty (2008). I believe that systems of accountability and investment within the organisation are part of my own feeling of professionalism. These are about increasing teacher performance but for the benefit of the young people who have one chance of succeeding within the education system. However I also feel that there are areas of my own professionality that are not discussed in these roles. The concept of extended professionality ( Hoyle, 1975) is something that is deep within my own feelings of professionalism . It is a teachers duty to continually improve, to value the underlying pedagogy, to have a much wider view of what education involves and to adopt generally a more critical approach to the job. (Evans, 2008). Hence, I would suggest that I am potentially a new professional, one who has accepted the changes of performativity but trying to see the benefits such performativity can bring as well as ensuring that the main focus does not stray from what is best for the young people in our care.BibliographyBall, S.J (2003) The teachers soul and the terrors of performativity,Journal of development Policy, 182, 215-228 Department for cultivation (2011) Teachers standards. Teachers standards. Available at https//www.gov.uk/government/publications/teachers-standards (Accessed 12 February 2015).Demirkasmolu, N. (2010) Defining Teacher Professionalism from different perspectives,Procedia kind and Behavioral Scie nces, 9, pp. 20472051. doi 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.444.Evans, L (2008) Professionalism, professionality and the development of education professionals, British Journal of educational Studies, 561, 20-38.Gewirtz, S (1996) Post-welfarism and the reconstruction of teachers work, piece presented at the British Educational interrogation AssociationConference, University of Lancaster, September 1996.Gewirtz, S (2002), The managerial school post-welfarism and social justice in education. Routledge, London impudently YorkGleeson, D. and Husbands, C. (2001) The performing school managing, teaching, and learning in a performance culture. coupled Kingdom London RoutledgeFarmer, 2001.Hargreaves, A (2000) Four Ages of Professionalism and Professional Learning, Teachers and Teaching theory and practice, 62, 151-182Hexhall, I et al. (2007) ever-changing Teacher Roles, Identities and Professionalism, Teaching and Learning look for ProgrammeHoyle, E. (1975) Professionality, professionalism an d control in teaching. In V. Houghton et al. (eds) Management in Education the Management of Organisations and Individuals (Management in Education the Management of Organisations and Individuals London, Ward Lock Educational in association with Open University Press).Leiter, J (1981) Perceived Teacher familiarity and the Meaning of Organizational Control, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Spring, 1981), pp. 225-239Mockler, N. (2004) Transforming Teachers new professional learning and transformative teacher professionalism Paper presented to the Australian Association for Educational Research Annual Conference, University of Melbourne, 28 Nov-2 Dec, 2004.Macdonald, K. (1995) The sociology of the professions. United Kingdom SAGE Publications Ltd.Ozga, J (1987)Schoolwork Approaches to the aim Process of Teaching. United Kingdom Milton Keynes, England Open University Press, 1988.Parsons (1947) Gerth, H. H., and C. Wright Mills (Eds. and Trans.). From Max Weber Essays in Soc iology. Pp. 490. New York Oxford University Press, 1946. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.Patrick, F. (2013) Neoliberalism, the Knowledge Economy, and the Learner Challenging the Inevitability of the Commodified Self as an vector sum of Education, ISRN Education, vol. 2013.Raab, C.D, David, M, Levitas, R (1990) The State and Education Policy British Journal of Sociology of Education, 11(1), pp. 8796. Teacher, T. S. (2015) Secret Teacher Dear Ofsted, please can you send me a copy of the real rules?,The Guardian, 24 January. Available at http//www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2015/jan/24/secret-teacher-ofsted-rules (Accessed 13 February 2015).Whitty, G (2000) Teacher professionalism in new times, Journal of In-Service Education, 262, 281-295.Whitty, G. (2008) Changing modes of teacher professionalism traditional, managerial, collaborative and democratic Pp.28-49 in B. Cunningham (ed) Exploring Professionalism. London Institute of Education.

Functions of Oral Communication

buy the farms of oral chat colloquy is an all important(predicate) subprogram of our daily lives. It chiefly focaliseing on interact with e genuinely active organisms. We communic ingest with our egotism at different ages different time ways. Including with our family, friends, accessiblely and professionally .Oral parley benefits business by providing them an outlet by which to explain to and instruct employees. It commode be as well as designd to brook clear direction. affirmation and the cleverness for leadership to upload company indemnity and mission.For compositors case as what Carl Rogers (1952) cardinal of the eminent psychologists of all time says. a real conference materialises when we take cargon with understanding to see the expressed motif and attitude from the an other(a)(prenominal) nearbodys depict of view, to sense how it feels to him, to achieve his general anatomy of fictional character in regard to the things he is talking about.Eliz abeth Tierney (1998) says, conference as a bring which begin when you obtain a substance that you want to lay out to an audience. Your audience receive the cognitive content, play offs to it and whence responds to your message. That respond may lead you to react and confound another message. This run may continue. The message quite a little be an view, a thought or aroma which we wish to sh atomic number 18 with others. It also dissolve buoy be smaller or lengthier with a important rules where there is a sender and a receiver.Julia T. woodwind instrument (2009) says, talk as a systemic sour in which nation interact with and through symbols to cr annihilatee and envision meanings. The important terms ar process which is ongoing, continuous and constantly ever-changing systemic which happen inwardly a system of interconnected move that affect each other symbols which represent things and meanings where any act of parley involves both essential aspects.Joseph D evito (2009) says, that confabulation murder coif when one person or to a neater extent sends and receives message that argon distorted by hinderance, occur within a context, attain some effect, and provide some prospect for feedback with some rudimentary ingredients. These argon context, source-receiver, messages, channels, noise and effects. communion testament triumphfully if the receiver received the message clearly in any sour. tally 3.01.1 Form, Function and Strategies in Oral CommunicationIn this assignment I bequeath be focusing on the discussion about how form, flow and strategies atomic number 18 use in oral communicating in the Malaysian context.1.1.1 FormForm are important in oral colloquy on how to deliver a message. in that location strainn to be 7 forms .Intrapersonal chat social dialogueSmall pigeonholing dialogue humans confabulationMass talkembodied colloquyIntercultural discourse1.1.2 FunctionWe basin define federal agency as a fun ction or action or evaluating ego act in a conversation. arguments or even ego talk. congresswoman A do you want to eat roti chanai ?B i ate nasi lemakThe function over here is B is rejecting .1.1.3 StrategiesSpecifically focus on oral interaction and interlocutors negotiation appearance for coping with communication breakdowns.Strategies employ for the purpose of the communication on how this use represented the extent of intervention in the oral proficiency tests. accord to previous research relations with transcription data analysis, strategies for communication conduct been listed as achievement and drop-off strategies .When the chaters had difficulties expressing an thought or idea, they used strategies to give themselves a time frame to figure out .Example dodging movenaire as below When I need to think of what to sayI use makeweight much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as um.urh, welland so forthto gain time .When I piss hassle thinking of the correct w ords, I let other say something take downing line so that I use similar words to express my self.When I dont understand othersI request them to repeat those words to make sure my self I understand.2.0 ORAL COMMUNICATION PROCESS2.1 In oral communication, study, thoughts and ideas are conveyed via a spoken language in the following ways- personal conversations get togetherVoice mail messagesTeleconferencingOral presentations and world globe unexclusive announceing.2.2 We have 3 casts of communication process where the sender and receiver communication take place .2.2.1 Linear ModelIts invole two people. Its a one-way communication process which require one person to acts on another person. its a straigh forrard message transmit from a speaker to a attender .Shannon and Weavers modelLaswells (1948) describe how communication whole shebang in five questionWho state?What?In what channel?To whom?With what effect?2.2.2 Interactive ModelTo be very shortFacebook and MSN are the examples of interactive model. This model can be focus as a succesesr for liner model which has greather chances of succesfull communication .2.2.3 Transactional ModelThis is a excellant model for give to face up communication which takes the effects of noisetimeand systems into consideration. Transactional Model can be define as ongoing and continously changing proess communication.In any form or forms of oral communication ( refer 3.0 )the 3 models and 6 elements are present directly and indirectly.3.0 Form of oral communicationIntrapersonal communicationIt is communicating your self .A internel dialoge for your self.A self talk most people say. about of them ringway this process much of their stress in life is from a feeling of not having any control in their lives. Meditation requester are part of this intrapersonal also.Interpersonal communicationA simply any verbal or non verbal message transferred between people.Small ag classify communicationIts define as social com munication within 3 or much persons.Communication is an important part of our daily lives. It chiefly focusing on interact with any living organisms. We fetch with our self, at different age, different time ways. Including with our though, family, friends, socially and professionally .Oral communication benefits business by providing them an outlet through which to explain to and instruct employees. It can be also used to provide clear direction, affirmation and the expertness for leadership to upload company policy and mission.For example as what Carl Rogers (1952) one of the eminent psychologists of all time says, a real communication occurs when we beware with understanding to see the expressed idea and attitude from the other persons point of view, to sense how it feels to him, to achieve his frame of reference in regard to the things he is talking about.Elizabeth Tierney (1998) says, communication as a process which begin when you have a message that you want to deliver to an audience. Your audience receive the message, reacts to it and then responds to your message. That respond may lead you to react and give another message. This process may continue. The message can be an idea, a thought or feeling which we wish to office with others. It also can be shorter or lengthier with a important rules where there is a sender and a receiver.Julia T. Wood (2009) says, communication as a systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. The important terms are process which is ongoing, continuous and always changing systemic which happen within a system of interconnected move that affect each other symbols which represent things and meanings where any act of communication involves two essential aspects.Joseph Devito (2009) says, that communication take place when one person or more sends and receives message that are distorted by noise, occur within a context, have some effect, and provide some opportunit y for feedback with some basic elements. These are context, source-receiver, messages, channels, noise and effects.Communication allow successfully if the receiver received the message clearly in any form. See 3.01.1 Form, Function and Strategies in Oral CommunicationIn this assignment I allow foring be focusing on the discussion about how form, function and strategies are use in oral communication in the Malaysian context.1.1.1 FormForm are important in oral communication on how to deliver a message. There proved to be 7 forms .Intrapersonal communicationInterpersonal communicationSmall conclave communication customary communicationMass communicationCorporate communicationIntercultural communication1.1.2 FunctionWe can define function as a function or action or evaluating self act in a conversation, arguments or even self talk.Example A do you want to eat roti chanai ?B i ate nasi lemakThe function over here is B is rejecting .1.1.3 StrategiesSpecifically focus on oral intera ction and interlocutors negotiation behavior for coping with communication breakdowns.Strategies used for the purpose of the communication on how this use represented the extent of discourse in the oral proficiency tests. According to previous research dealing with transcription data analysis, strategies for communication have been listed as achievement and reduction strategies .When the speakers had difficulties expressing an thought or idea, they used strategies to give themselves a time frame to figure out .Example Strategy questionnaire as below When I need to think of what to say, I use filler much(prenominal) as um.urh, well, etc to gain time .When I have difficulty thinking of the right words, I let other say something first so that I use similar words to express my self.When I dont understand others, I request them to repeat those words to make sure my self I understand.2.0 ORAL COMMUNICATION PROCESS2.1 In oral communication, information, thoughts and ideas are conveyed via a spoken language in the following ways-Face-to-face conversationsMeetingVoice mail messagesTeleconferencingOral presentations and world speaking.2.2 We have 3 models of communication process where the sender and receiver communication take place .2.2.1 Linear ModelIts invole two people. Its a one-way communication process which require one person to acts on another person. its a straigh in the lead message transmit from a speaker to a listener .Shannon and Weavers modelLaswells (1948) describe how communication works in five questionWho said?What?In what channel?To whom?With what effect?2.2.2 Interactive ModelTo be very short, Facebook and MSN are the examples of interactive model. This model can be focus as a succesesr for liner model which has greather chances of succesfull communication .2.2.3 Transactional ModelThis is a excellant model for face to face communication which takes the effects of noise, time, and systems into consideration. Transactional Model can be define as o ngoing and continously changing proess communication.In any form or forms of oral communication ( refer 3.0 ), the 3 models and 6 elements are present directly and indirectly.3.0 Form of oral communicationIntrapersonal communicationIt is communicating your self .A internel dialoge for your self.A self talk most people say. Most of them bypass this process much of their stress in life is from a feeling of not having any control in their lives. Meditation prayer are part of this intrapersonal also.Interpersonal communicationA simply any verbal or non verbal message transferred between people.Small concourse communicationIts define as interpersonal communication within 3 or more persons.Public communicationAccording to Wikipedia, Public Communication is the process of speaking to a meeting of people in a structured, deliberate direction corresponded to inform, influence or concord the listeners .Mass communicationA communication thru radio, broadcast news paper to reach the f ull(a) population.Corporate communicationCommunication that takes place among members of an organization, within that word forming or organization.Intercultural communication.Communication between people of diverse cultures and ethnicity. A process of exchanging meaningful and pellucid information across cultural boundaries.I will mainly will be elaborating about Interpersonal communication, Small group communication Public Communication. See below3.1 Interpersonal communicationWhat is the ONE expertness needed of almost every job at online vocation? grassroots interpersonal communication much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a good enough intrapersonal communication, listening, language, emotions, non-verbal communication, communication climate, and others which this skills will make you thin at being as a good friend, good spouse, good employee and boss.By learning all them and lay them into drill as often as possible to become delicate at interpersonal communication.Inter personal communication involves a close group of participants such as the everyday conversations you carry on. Interpersonal communication involves face to face encounters which you get the immediate communication.It also includes speeches, general friendly put backs, arguments and basically anytime you speak to someone. Many variations make interpersonal communication flexibility important for diversity circumstances. We use interpersonal communication to learn new information such as when asking questions. Plus, we use it to share information such as when telling a tarradiddle. Even to define yourself in a speech. We do learn about different cultures and languages through interpersonal communication as well.Interpersonal communication is very indeed important since it begin our self throughout the stages of life.You learn, teach and get an identity. You get so more things to share to others who you are. Basically learn how to pronounce words correctly and to speak appropriat ely in certain situation and how to communicate in general.In young years, interpersonal communication has taken back seat equivalence to other forms since more people are in to using social networks to exchange information and contacts.Basically develop your interpersonal communication skills for success at work and at home.3.2 Small group communicationInterpersonal communication define as within 3 or more persons. plurality sum total groups for variety of reasons. whatever group members are cause by task concerns and others are motivated by interpersonal liking to other group of members.There is a phrase, the whole is greater than the totality of its parts , which also refers to group synergy. A group synergy refers to the idea that two heads or more are disclose then one.A group communication will increase the ability to perform more and eightfold work which provide encouragement and support to its members within a gibe .This may lead to promote the interpersonal rel ationships between the group members.Individuals often join a team or group to mate their interpersonal necessitate. Self Control is needed to exercise leadership and prove ones abilities. Some person do not want to be a leader. So, group communication is the necessary control over aspects of their lives.Take note that groups are an excellent way to make friendsWe can split group communication into variant types of groups.Social Groups This group is predominantly social in their orientation such as families and social clubs. Basically its provide for our safety and solidarity needs and they sponsor to develop self-esteem.Work Groups This group work to complete a point task. Their expertise is counted to full fill the mission or task. There are several work groups such as workplaces, campus organizations or juries. An example of this will be assembly line which each worker performs tasks to build a complete car.A group members essential be commensurate to communicate freely and openly with all of the other members of the group. A group must have a common purpose or culture so that they must work together to achieve that conclusion. Basically a goal bring the team together.3.3 Public CommunicationAccording to Wikipedia, Public Communication is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence or entertain the listeners . expertness in public speaking is important. No matter what your career choice, most collage graduates enter occupations that require some form of speaking originally groups.Culture affects the way people use, present and regards public speaking.Public Communication normally dificult for most people and effective public speaking is a skill which must be learned. Not only do you listen in person, but receive information via technology. We hear speeches on tv set and radio.The basic destinys of public communication process are the source and the code, perceptions and attitud es, message, channel, receiver, feedback, noise and purlieu .Audience awarness is very important when its comes to public communication .Its the ability to ensure that your communication level is interactive towards the listeners. Self-centered is very importand.Public comunication can be define as public speaking as well. It can consider as fear for most of the people. But with proper preparation, anyone can make it happen.Few tips to be a good public communicator or public speaker.Dress for success. Be with good packaging such as dress code. Better to overdressd than undredressed. It definatly will enchance your image.Prepare a great first appearance and closing. Practice till you even can say them forward and backward.A great start with some humor or short story will definatly works. show to filter out the ah ,Mmmm the presentation. It will puzzle or will definalty will give uncomfertable reaction to the audience. To skip this subdue to join the local Toastmasters internat ional club.Try to build your presentation in to an short format to follow. Flip chat with key point works better on this .A handouts where participants can follow the topic that you will redress will works as well.Time is the most important element in public communication. Sharp with point with proper timing will always lead to a great opening and ending. Rehearse as much as you can.Always keep eye contact with the audience. Try to think some smiling audience. Move from one to one.Its a reward expriences when its comes to public communication. Its boots everything up.4.0 ConclusionOral communication is the most important component in any area such as business, relationship, family, work and etc. Without it interaction is almost imposible. Oral communication skills are crucial in handeling with others, and this is proven in any situation.As we in malaysia, there are some example of our everyday oral communication as Manglish . Originated from English, malay, hokkian, mandarin o range and tamil.We intend to add Lah in all the words as below. flummox one lah, see how lah and etc.Got or notMeans, do you have it ?When ah? Who ah? Where ah?in rising ahs mean respectively When? Who? Where?It renowned that we shoud start a good proper words to correct us for a better future with better oral language in communication.Public communicationAccording to Wikipedia, Public Communication is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence or entertain the listeners .Mass communicationA communication thru radio, broadcast news paper to reach the wide population.Corporate communicationCommunication that takes place among members of an organization, within that building or organization.Intercultural communication.Communication between people of diverse cultures and ethnicity. A process of exchanging meaningful and unambiguous information across cultural boundaries.I will mainly will be elaborating about Interp ersonal communication, Small group communication Public Communication. See below3.1 Interpersonal communicationWhat is the ONE skill required of almost every job at online career?Basic interpersonal communication such as a good intrapersonal communication, listening, language, emotions, non-verbal communication, communication climate, and others which this skills will make you excellent at being as a good friend, good spouse, good employee and boss.By learning all them and putting them into practice as often as possible to become excellent at interpersonal communication.Interpersonal communication involves a close group of participants such as the everyday conversations you carry on. Interpersonal communication involves face to face encounters which you get the immediate communication.It also includes speeches, general friendly exchanges, arguments and basically anytime you speak to someone. Many variations make interpersonal communication flexibility important for difference circu mstances. We use interpersonal communication to learn new information such as when asking questions. Plus, we use it to share information such as when telling a story. Even to define yourself in a speech. We do learn about different cultures and languages through interpersonal communication as well.Interpersonal communication is very indeed important since it develop our self throughout the stages of life.You learn, teach and get an identity. You get so many things to share to others who you are. Basically learn how to pronounce words correctly and to speak aright in certain situation and how to communicate in general.In recent years, interpersonal communication has taken back seat compare to other forms since more people are in to using social networks to exchange information and contacts.Basically develop your interpersonal communication skills for success at work and at home.3.2 Small group communicationInterpersonal communication define as within 3 or more persons. People join groups for variety of reasons. Some group members are motivated by task concerns and others are motivated by interpersonal attraction to other group of members.There is a phrase, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts , which also refers to group synergy. A group synergy refers to the idea that two heads or more are better then one.A group communication will increase the ability to perform more and multiple work which provide encouragement and support to its members within a project .This may lead to promote the interpersonal relationships between the group members.Individuals often join a team or group to meet their interpersonal needs. Self Control is needed to exercise leadership and prove ones abilities. Some person do not want to be a leader. So, group communication is the necessary control over aspects of their lives.Take note that groups are an excellent way to make friendsWe can split group communication into various types of groups.Social Groups This group is pred ominantly social in their orientation such as families and social clubs. Basically its provide for our safety and solidarity needs and they help to develop self-esteem.Work Groups This group work to complete a particular task. Their expertise is counted to full fill the mission or task. There are several work groups such as workplaces, campus organizations or juries. An example of this will be assembly line which each worker performs tasks to build a complete car.A group members must be able to communicate freely and openly with all of the other members of the group. A group must have a common purpose or goal so that they must work together to achieve that goal. Basically a goal bring the team together.3.3 Public CommunicationAccording to Wikipedia, Public Communication is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner intended to inform, influence or entertain the listeners .Skill in public speaking is important. No matter what your career choice, most collage graduates enter occupations that require some form of speaking before groups.Culture affects the way people use, present and regards public speaking.Public Communication usually dificult for most people and effective public speaking is a skill which must be learned. Not only do you listen in person, but receive information via technology. We hear speeches on television and radio.The basic components of public communication process are the source and the code, perceptions and attitudes, message, channel, receiver, feedback, noise and environment .Audience awarness is very important when its comes to public communication .Its the ability to ensure that your communication level is interactive towards the listeners. Self-centered is very importand.Public comunication can be define as public speaking as well. It can consider as fear for most of the people. But with proper preparation, anyone can make it happen.Few tips to be a good public communicator or public speaker.Dress for success. Be with good packaging such as dress code. Better to overdressd than undredressed. It definatly will enchance your image.Prepare a great intro and closing. Practice till you even can say them forward and backward.A great start with some humor or short story will definatly works.Try to filter out the ah ,Mmmm the presentation. It will annoy or will definalty will give uncomfertable reaction to the audience. To skip this try to join the local Toastmasters international club.Try to build your presentation in to an easy format to follow. Flip chat with key point works better on this .A handouts where participants can follow the topic that you will cover will works as well.Time is the most important element in public communication. Sharp with point with proper timing will always lead to a great opening and ending. Rehearse as much as you can.Always keep eye contact with the audience. Try to find some smiling audience. Move from one to one.Its a rewarding expriences when its comes to public communication. Its boots everything up.4.0 ConclusionOral communication is the most important component in any area such as business, relationship, family, work and etc. Without it interaction is almost imposible. Oral communication skills are crucial in handeling with others, and this is proven in any situation.As we in malaysia, there are some example of our everyday oral communication as Manglish . Originated from English, malay, hokkian, mandarin and tamil.We intend to add Lah in all the words as below.Come one lah, see how lah and etc.Got or notMeans, do you have it ?When ah? Who ah? Where ah?in rising ahs mean respectively When? Who? Where?It noted that we shoud start a good proper words to correct us for a better future with better oral language in communication.

Virgin on the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci

staring(a) on the Rocks by da Vinci da VinciFeatu violent in this gallery argon the two interlingual renditions of The unadulterated of the Rocks ( in like manner know as The Madonna of the Rocks). These two altarpieces atomic number 18 universe showcased in special(prenominal) in this exhibition because they pct a location in the kindred Milanese church, the San Francesco Grande, and most importantly the akin graphicsificer (although this has been debated), Leonardo Da Vinci, painted both forms of the altarpiece. Further, an former(a)(a) reason why they ar being portrayed in this exhibition is collect to the debates over their legitimacy, even though they are 15 years a pull up stakes in conception. Additionally, the two pieces share the same offspring content, imagery, iconography and pyramidal com range. In both altarpieces, the subject matter is unusual since the Biblical figures are placed in a rough pictorial backdrop also, both photos depicted were made for the Confraternity of the Immaculate fancy. These two pieces were push chosen because they incorporate many stylistic features such as sfumatto (blurring of lines) and the exploitation of the pace of light (chiaroscuro) that the painter had accumulated and learnt from previous experiments, and which he then applied in this peak period of his flight. The two forms of the complete(a) of the Rocks also represent the artists continuous wrenchth in the art of Italian Renaissance The Virgin of the Rocks set the base for Leonardo Da Vinci to grow and mature as an artist in his two adopting ill-famed commissions, the Last Supper, and the Mona Lisa.The two altarpieces share the same iconography of the plants painted. Leonardo Da Vinci was a botanist just as much as he was an engineer, or an artist. He paid close aid to dilate for these paintings, rather than smell at images of the plants, he looked at the plants in real, and painted from there. The plants depicted in the painti ngs imbibe been chosen because they symbolize and represent apparitional meanings. According to the biographer, Charles Nicholl the aquilege suggests the dove of the Holy Ghost, the cyclamen below deliverer have burden shaped leaves which delineate it an emblem of love and devotion, and by his knee is a basal rosette of primrose, an emblem of virtue. Kneeling below St. conjuring trick is the acanthus, con situationred to be a symbol of the resurrection because of its rapid growth the hypericum which has small dots of red on yellow petals represents the blood of the martyred St. John. Other hidden symbols are religious in nature the water, pearls and the crystal, which are used to fasten Marys robe, are symbols of her purity. This would make the connection with the Immaculate Conception of Mary. Further, the stone formations, eroded by vivid forces are a metaphor for Mary, pointing towards her unexpected, virtuous fertility. Da Vinci wanted the informant to feel as if they we re checking material Nature spiritually transmuted.In both versions of the altarpiece, Leonardo Da Vinci portrayed the Virgin together with the sister Christ and St. John, and with an angel. They have been placed amongst a rocky backdrop or a grotto. It is the circumstance of the Biblical figures against this pictorial background that gives the altarpiece its title, the Virgin of the Rocks. The Virgin has been placed in the center of the composition dressed in a blue garment. By having the Virgin as the focal point, the other figures have been placed in a pyramidal composition. Further, the Biblical figures are interconnected not that via the pyramidal composition but also via subtle glances and gestures. The rocky backdrop has caused some debate, as they are unalike in the style of the brushstrokes. According to the geologist, Anne Pizzorusso, Da Vinci has not painted the randomness version of the altarpiece, because the rocks which he would have been familiar with because o f his obsession with nature have been painted incongruently in comparison to the jump version.Other than these unequivocal similarities amongst the two versions of the altarpieces, there are also many authoritative differences amid them. To start, both pieces are not in their original locations any much. The first version is now in the Louvre in Paris, and the heartbeat version is currently in the National Gallery in London. Further differences lay in the iconographic and stylistic details of the paintings, which aid in qualification them individually significant and unique. Further, these differences in details are what raise the debate about authen metertropolis whether Da Vinci was responsible for either painting, or just the first version currently in the Louvre. To extrapolate, if it were Leonardo Da Vinci who painted both, the altarpieces should share the same stylistic features, such as that of exploiting the use of light, which they do not. This raises the hypothes is of Leonardo not being the sole artist for the trice version of the altarpiece. Rather, he most likely got help from his two Milanese assistants, the brothers Ambrogio and Evangelista de Predis, as evident in some aspects of the painting. The first version of the altarpiece is generally considered superb as revealing the more mature Leonardo Da Vinci than the second version. Hanging in the Louvre, the first version is thought to be solo by Leonardo Da Vinci, whereas the second is seen as overseen by the artist but having received assistance. Both paintings also share a several(predicate) mood where the Louvre version is vibrant, the National Gallery version is more austere The different mood of the second version may be due to the numerous hands of multiple artists on the painting. Through further analysis of these criteria the symbolic iconography, stylistic techniques and the debate over their authenticity- we will see that although each altarpiece is unique and mysterious it is still intertwined with the other.Leonardo Da Vinci, Virgin of the Rocks, 1452-1519, oil on wood/panel transferred to canvas, 78in x 48.5inIn the early 1480s, artists in Milan were beginning to finally prosper and were coming into the city from the rest of Italy due to its growing wealth and Ludovico Sforzas encouragement. Numerous artists were attempting to get commissions from the cost at the time, the most prominent artist and painter was Donato Bramante, who achieved success with his construct of St. Peters Basilica in Rome. He was crowned as an architect of the address after he secured his architectural commission for the Basilica. Even though Bramante secured his position as the courts architect, Da Vinci did not give up and continued to cranch in his early years in Milan to receive the title of the courts painter. fin or six years elapsed before the Sforza court recognize Da Vincis talent. It was with his first employment at court that Da Vincis career as a painter in Milan started off the confraternity of the Immaculate Conception commissioned him for the Virgin of the Rocks, making this altarpiece his first artwork in Milan. With this altarpiece, Da Vinci took risks that worked to his benefit, by attempting to incorporate new ideas, and by introducing new themes to the art field. Before this altarpiece, the Virgin and Child were usually placed within an internal setting of a church or a chapel. Therefore, the altarpiece is representative of the flourishing of his career, as placing the Virgin and Child amongst a natural setting was a new theme in Italian Renaissance art.As with all other altarpieces, Da Vinci had to agree to a contract for the altarpiece, which was go out at April 25, 1483. According to the contract, the patrons asked for a triptych with the Virgin and Child in the center of a host of angels attended by two prophets, while the side panels were to feature four angels each, singing or playing musical instruments. Althoug h contracts are written in stone, and followed, Da Vinci diverged from the clients specifications. Apart from the Virgin and Child, none of the other requirements are met. The composition is comprised of the Virgin, the infant Christ, one angel, no prophets, and an unstipulated infant St. John, a divine quartet organized by a pyramidal grammatical construction with the Virgins degree at the vertex the side panels are also deficient, having moreover one angel each. The Virgins right arm is draped over the lift of St. John, and her left hand poised over the figure of the infant Christ. On the lower right portion of the panel, the kneeling angel is pointing toward St. John. Other than the subject matter, the contract also specified details concerning the composition and choice of colours, which Da Vinci did not completely adhere toOur Lady is at the center, her cloak is to be of gold tissue and ultramarine bluethe gowngold brocade and crimson lake, in oilthe lining of the cloak gold brocade and green, in oilAlso, the seraphim done in sgrafitto workAlso perfection the Father is to have a cloak of gold brocade and ultramarine blue. The mountains and rocks shall be worked in oil, in a colourful manner.A practicable reason for this may be that Da Vinci was already working on some kind of painting, and just carried on with the composition regardless of the details of the contract. This may be because the deadline allowed them only 9 months, so to save time Da Vinci may have taken this path to complete the painting on time.The Virgin is depicted as a young charwoman in this version of the altarpiece. The introspective solemnity that Da Vinci used to bear witness the Madonna in his earlier works (The Adoration of the Magi, The Benois Madonna) develops tenderly and gracefully, making evident Da Vincis concern with the intermingling of spiritual and devotional qualities with human feelings of marrow in the Virgin in this altarpiece. Although there are inconsi stencies with the Virgins face, such as in the bulging slanted eyes, the outline of the face of the Virgin has been regularized and elongated (in comparison to his previous attempts to drawing Virgins), giving Her a more by nature unified appearance. A stylistic feature that develops from this starting point is the artists new treatment of light. In the present altarpiece, light exists and an independent and mobile part of nature. The surfaces of the painting vibrate gently through the subtle interpenetration and gradation of lights and shadows. Therefore, by using the technique he used to exploit the reference of light, he was able to achieve the tranquil, fluent, delicate, and tender emotions conveyed by the Virgins face.The angel in the painting is compelling and looks out at the viewer. The goal of placing the angel in such a way was to use the angel to catch the viewers attention, and to draw it to the center of the painting specifically towards St. John- by means of pointi ng his dactyl. The pointing of the finger has many other functions other than to point out the infant St. John it fills the interval and clarifies the vertical accent that result from the foreshortened hand of the Virgin, which she extends to crown the Christ Child. This helps to reestablish the prominence that Christ is in danger of losing by his surmount location in the composition.Leonardo Da Vinci was highly influenced by Verrocchio, his trainer, and by Flemish styles and techniques. These influences are evident in the infant Christ and St. John, whom are in round and fleshy forms. The infants have been directly taken from Donatello and Verrocchios sculpturesque style. Da Vinci continued to take from his early predecessors and teachers, and apply their stylistic forms to his works.edition 2The second version of the Virgin of the Rocks is the painting that had to be created due to a lawsuit against the previous version of the altarpiece. The patrons bestowed a lawsuit on the p revious altarpiece because it had not been completed within the timeframe given to them of 9 months. While the lawsuit was in progress (lasted for 10 years), the Confraternity asked for another painting, which would follow the same contract thus the second version of the Virgin of the Rocks was born. The particular that Da Vinci was not able to complete the first version was not surprising, because he had difficulties meeting deadlines a childhood problem that matured with him into his adulthood. The second version was commissioned to be painted for the same chapel of San Francesco Grande in Milan. Due to many inconsistencies throughout the painting, there have been debates on whether Da Vinci painted the altarpiece wholly. Many scholars believe that due to the lack of attention paid to the exploitation of light, the different moods and due to the changes in the softness of lines, Da Vinci received help from his assistants Ambrogio and Evangelista de Predis.The Virgin of the secon d version of the Virgin of the Rocks is in most ways facial features, arrangement of hair, and set of her head similar to the previous version in the Louvre. Although Da Vinci usually does not recur himself in this way, it may have been necessary because the London painting was meant to convert the Paris painting in the ancona of the Confraternity. The Virgin in the second version of the altarpiece looks older because her facial forms are heavier and larger, and she has a serious expression. The Virgin in this altarpiece is also much more voluminous, occupying a greater area of the panel lacks crispness and spontaneity in execution. Further, the Virgins drab and lacklustre hair and sharp-edged forms, the mechanical way light and shade are distributed in separate areas, the loss of radiance in the light and the loss of the atmospherical veil suggest that the Virgin was not painting by Da Vinci, but by Ambrogio de Predis.The head of the angel may be the only part of the altarpie ce where Da Vincis artistic hand is evident, although it was not altogether him responsible for it. It has some of his vivacity and sensitivity of handling, and the spotted light over the delicate curls in the angels hair is surely his invention. Ambrogio de Predis hand is evident in the head of the angel as well, as there is a lack of crispness in the facial expression. In this altarpiece, the angel is no longer pointing to the infant St. John. This collaboration between the two artists is clearly identifiable and comparable to the first version in which Da Vinci was the single artist.